Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
Figures and Tables
Acknowledgements
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Terrorism and Profiling a Definitional Problem
1.3. Central Analytical Aim
1.4. Book Outline
1.5. Contribution to Knowledge
1.6. Research Limitations
1.7. An Analytical Framework to Assess/Measure the Effectiveness of Terrorist Profiling
2. The Compatibility of Terrorist Profiling with Fundamental Rights
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Theoretical Approaches to Assess the Compatibility of Terrorist Profiling with Fundamental Rights
2.3. The Definition of Profiling When Sensitive Characteristics are Used in the Profiling Process
2.4. The Lawfulness of Including Sensitive Characteristics in Terrorist Profiling
2.4.1. Philosophical Underpinnings of the Right to Non-Discrimination
2.4.2. The Content and Scope of the Legal Right to Non-Discrimination
2.4.2.1. Legitimate Aim
2.4.2.2. The Proportionality of the Measure
2.4.2.3. The Standard of Review
2.4.2.4. Further Observations
2.5. Conclusion
3. Criminal Profiling and its Applicability to Terrorist Profiling
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Deductive Profiling
3.2.1. The Origins of Profiling
3.2.2. Non-Scientific Deductive Profiling Approaches
3.2.3. Non-Scientific Deductive Profiling Approaches a Critique
3.2.3.1. An Absence of Standardised Methods and Approaches
3.2.3.2. Poor Consistency in the Use of Language
3.2.3.3. Misapplication of Typologies
3.2.3.4. The High Dependence on Law Enforcement Instinct and Prior Investigative Experience
3.2.3.5. An Absence of Clear Procedures
3.2.3.6. Little Investigative Value?
3.2.4. Scientific Deductive Profiling Approaches
3.2.5. Scientific Deductive Profiling Approaches a Critique
3.2.6. The Applicability of Deductive Profiling Approaches to Terrorism
3.3. Inductive Profiling
3.3.1. Introduction
3.3.2. Actuarial Prediction and Criminal Justice
3.3.3. Inductive Profiling Methods the Computation of an Inductive Argument
3.3.4. Inductive Profiling a Critique
3.3.4.1. The Size of the Criminal Record Samples
3.3.4.2. The Accuracy of Criminal Records
3.3.4.3. The Variance in Practice
3.3.4.4. Profiler Training
3.3.4.5. Summary Conclusions
3.3.5. Inductive Profiling and Its Applicability to Terrorism
3.3.5.1. Inductive Profiling and Terrorism Records
3.3.5.2. Inductive Profiling and the Overlapping Nature of Terrorist Crimes
3.3.5.3. Inductive Profiling and the Size of Terrorism Record Samples
3.3.5.4. Terrorism Records and the Accurate Recording of Information
3.3.5.5. Conclusion: Inductive Terrorist Profiling and Other Issues
3.4. Conclusion
4. Formal Terrorist Profiling: The Construction and Application of Terrorist Profiles
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Knowledge Discovery Processes and Data Mining
4.2.1. Introduction
4.2.2. The Construction of Profiles Using Knowledge Discovery Processes and Data Mining
4.2.3. Knowledge Discovery Processes and Data Mining Summary
4.2.4. The Evaluation of Knowledge Discovery Processes and Data Mining Approaches in Light of Established Profiling Methods
4.3. The Application of Knowledge Discovery Processes and Data Mining by Law Enforcement Officers
4.3.1. The Application of Knowledge Discovery Processes and Data Mining Approaches in Germany
4.3.2. The Application of Knowledge Discovery Processes and Data Mining Approaches in the Us
4.3.2.1. Knowledge Discovery Processes in Financial Transactions
4.3.2.2. Knowledge Discovery Processes at Ports
4.3.2.3. General Knowledge Discovery Processes the Total Information Awareness Scheme
4.3.2.4. Knowledge Discovery Processes in the Us Summary
4.4. An Evaluation of Knowledge Discovery Processes in the Context of Terrorism
4.4.1. Assessing/measuring the Effectiveness of Terrorist Profiling
4.4.2. The Input Assessment of the Effectiveness of Constructing Formal Terrorist Profiles
4.4.3. The Output Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Application of Formal Terrorist Profiles
4.4.4. The Impact of Formal Terrorist Profiling Methods
4.4.4.1. Germany
4.4.4.2. The United States
4.5. Conclusion
5. Behavioural Profiling: The Construction and Application of Behavioural Profiles in the Context of Terrorism
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Construction of Behavioural Profiles
5.2.1. The Categorisation of Behavioural Profiling
5.2.1.1. Biometric Profiling
5.2.1.2. Psychometric Profiling
5.2.1.3. Sociometric Profiling
5.2.1.4. Summary
5.2.2. The Behavioural Profiling Methods/Approaches
5.2.2.1. The Assessment of Emotion
5.2.2.2. The Assessment of Gesture
5.2.2.3. The Assessment of Gait
5.2.2.4. Summary
5.2.3. An Evaluation of Behavioural Profiling Methods/ Approaches
5.3. The Application of Behavioural Profiling Approaches in the Context of Terrorism
5.3.1. The Application of Behavioural Profiling in Israel
5.3.2. An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Behavioural Terrorist Profiling in Israel
5.3.3. The Application of Behavioural Profiling in the Us
5.3.4. An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Behavioural Terrorist Profiling in the Us
5.4. Conclusion
6. An Examination of Manifestations of Informal Terrorist Profiling
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Stop and Search in England and Wales
6.2.1. The Power to Stop and Search in England and Wales
6.2.1.1. Stop and Search Requiring Reasonable Suspicion
6.2.1.2. Stop and Search Without Reasonable Suspicion
6.2.1.3. Section 47A-C of the TA 2000
6.2.1.4. Section 53 and Schedule 7 of the TA 2000
6.2.1.5. Summary
6.2.2. The Use of Stop and Search by Law Enforcement Officers in England and Wales
6.2.2.1. The Statistical Evidence on the Use of Stop and Search
6.2.2.2. Limitations of the Available Statistical Evidence
6.2.2.3. Stop and Search Requiring Reasonable Suspicion
6.2.2.4. Stop and Search Not Requiring Reasonable Suspicion
6.2.2.5. Evaluation of the Statistics
6.2.2.6. Peopleβs Experiences of Stop and Search in England and Wales
6.2.2.7. Stop and Search Powers as an Example of Informal Terrorist Profiling
6.3. Other Evidence Indicating Informal Terrorist Profiling
6.3.1. The Practice of Mass Identity Checks by Law Enforcement Officers
6.3.2. The Practice of Targeted Raiding by Law Enforcement Officers
6.3.3. For Example, According to the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
6.3.4. Law Enforcement Use of Powers of Arrest and Imprisonment
6.4. The Usefulness of Informal Terrorist Profiling
6.4.1. The Input Effectiveness
6.4.2. The Output Effectiveness
6.4.3. The Impact of Informal Terrorist Profiling
6.4.4. Stop and Search in England and Wales
6.4.5. Summary
6.4.6. Other Qualitative Studies on the Exercise of Police Powers
6.5. Conclusion
7. Conclusion
Bibliography
Index