A quantitative evaluation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was performed using a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in 72 previously untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Biological analysis of the leukemic cells included in all cases cytochemistry, search for Ph' chromosome and immunophenotyping with both anti-lymphoid and anti-myeloid monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Thirteen AML cases (18 per cent) were considered TdT+ by EIA. According to the FAB classification, almost all of them (12 out of 13) were within the M1 and M2 subgroups. A mixed lymphoid-myeloid phenotype was observed in one of the I3 TdT + cases, while in none of the others were lymphoid features detected. Nine of the 10 EIA TdT+ cases studied in parallel were TdT positive with the conventional immunofluorescence assay. All patients received standard protocol chemotherapy and in 61 (13 TdT+, 48
TdT -) the response to induction treatment was analysable. Only 3/13 TdT + patients (23 per cent) achieved a complete remission (CR), while in the TdT-group 38 patients had a CR (79 per cent) and 10 were resistant @<0-01). It is suggested that the incidence, biological interest and prognostic significance of TdT+ AML should encourage the routine and more accurate search for this marker in all patients with AML.