Temporary Works
Contents
Foreword
List of contributors
Introduction
Corrigendum
Chapter 1
Safety, statutory and contractual obligations
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Background
1.3. Management of temporary works
1.4. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
1.4.1 Designers and principal designers
1.4.2 Contractors and principal contractors
1.5. The Work at Height Regulations 2005
1.6. The Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008
1.7. Contractual obligations
1.7.1 General
1.7.2 Functions and relationships between parties
1.7.3 Responsibilities for the temporary works
1.8. Robustness
1.9. Public safety
1.10. Summary of main points
References
Bragg SL (1974)
Bragg SL (1975)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2003)
BSI (2008)
BSI (2011)
BSI (2019)
CITB (Construction Industry Training Board) (2015)
Concrete Society (1971)
CSG (Concrete Structures Group) (2010)
EC (European Council) (1992)
EC (European Council) (2001)
Highways Agency (2006)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2001)
HSE (2007)
HSE (2015)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (1986-1999)
ICE (2011)
ICE (2017)
NASC (National Access & Scaffolding Confederation)&cb0; (2013)
National Building Specification (annually)
SCOSS (Standing Committee on Structural Safety) (2002)
SCOSS (Standing Committee on Structural Safety) (2010)
UK Government (1974)
UK Government (1996)
UK Government (2005)
UK Government (2007)
UK Government (2008)
UK Government (2015)
UKWIR (2011)
Further reading
Burrow M, Clark L, Pallett P, Ward R and Thomas D (2005)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2010)
NASC (National Access & Scaffolding Confederation)&cb0; (2010)
Smith NJ (2006)
Chapter 2
Management of temporary works
2.1. Introduction
2.2. What are (or may be considered as) temporary works?
Table 2.1
2.3. The parties (who is involved)
2.3.1 The interface between parties
2.3.2 Clients
2.3.3 Principal designer (PD)
2.3.4 Principal contractor (PC)
2.3.5 Temporary works designer (TWD)
2.3.6 Lead designer (temporary works)
2.4. The management controls (the who)
2.4.1 Designated individual (DI)
2.4.2 Temporary works coordinator (TWC)
2.4.3 Temporary works supervisor (TWS)
2.5. Principal activities of the TWC (how temporary works are managed)
2.5.1 The temporary works register
2.5.2 The design brief
2.5.3 Design check
Table 2.2
2.5.4 On-site supervision and control
Table 2.3
2.5.5 On-site checking
2.5.6 Permit to load
2.5.7 Permit to unload
2.6. Summary - answers to the questions why, what, who and how temporary works are managed
References
Barber EHE, Bull FB and Shirley-Smith H (1971)
Bragg SL (1975)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2008)
BSI (2011)
BSI (2019)
Burrow M, Clark L, Pallett P, Ward R and Thomas D (2005)
Concrete Society (2014a)
Concrete Society (2014b)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2001)
HSE (2015)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (1986)
ICE/SCOSS (Institution of Civil Engineers/Standing Committee on Structural Safety) (2002)
Irvine DJ and Smith RJH (2001)
Marples F (2011)
Marples F and Richings JD (2014)
UK Government (2015)
Chapter 3
Site compounds and set-up
3.1. Introduction
Table 3.1
3.2. Land and access
3.2.1 Site visit and inspection
3.2.2 Site surveys for topography, ground conditions (geotechnical) and environmental impact
3.2.3 Locating the compound
Figure 3.1
3.2.4 Infrastructure link-up
Figure 3.2
3.3. Communications, energy, clean water supply and wastewater disposal
3.3.1 Communications
3.3.2 Energy
3.3.3 Clean water supply
3.3.4 Wastewater disposal
3.4. Office and welfare accommodation space planning
Figure 3.3
3.5. Materials (distribution, fabrication, handling, storage, testing and unloading)
3.6. Hoarding and fencing
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2010)
Temporary Works Forum (2014)
UK Government (1974)
UK Government (1974)
UK Government (1992)
UK Government (1999)
UK Government (2005)
UK Government (2007)
UK Government (2013)
UK Government (2015)
Further reading
Hall F and Greeno R (2001)
Chapter 4
Tower crane bases
4.1. Types of tower crane
4.2. Loading on foundations
4.3. Foundation options
4.3.1 Cruciform base for static crane
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
4.3.2 On rails
Figure 4.3
4.3.3 Expendable base (pad base) for static crane
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
4.3.4 Climbing
4.4. Foundation design principles
4.5. Foundation construction and inspection
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2002)
BSI (2004a)
BSI (2004b)
BSI (2012)
BSI (2014)
BSI (2015)
BSI (2019)
CIRIA (2018)
CPA (Construction Plant-hire Association) (2015)
DIN (Deutsches Institut fΓΌr Normung) (1984)
FEM (European Materials Handling Federation) (1998)
FEM (2014)
Skinner H, Watson T, Dunkley B and Blackmore P (2006)
UK Government (2015)
Further reading
BSI (2006)
CPA (2009)
CPA (2009)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2010)
Chapter 5
Site roads and working platforms
5.1. Introduction
Figure 5.1
5.2. Site roads: principles and design
5.2.1 Alignment
5.2.2 Traffic loading
Table 5.1
5.2.3 Ground conditions
5.2.4 Formulating the design
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.5
5.3. Working platforms: principles and design
Figure 5.6
5.3.1 Working platforms for tracked plant
Figure 5.7
5.4. Temporary roads for public use
5.5. Construction
5.5.1 Materials and maintenance
5.5.2 Drainage
References
Black WPM and Lister NW (1979)
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (2004)
Britpave (British Cementitious Paving Association) (2007)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2001)
Chaddock BCJ and Atkinson VM (1997)
Garvin S (2016)
Giroud JP and Noiray L (1981)
HA (Highways Agency) (1998)
HA (2006)
HA (2007)
HA (2009)
Mayhew HC and Harding HM (1987)
Powell WD, Potter JF, Mayhew HC and Nunn ME (1984)
Tensar (2017a)
Tensar (2017b)
Terram (2017)
WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme) (2013)
Further reading
Britpave (British Cementitious Paving Association) (2007)
Jewell RA (1996)
WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme) (2006)
Chapter 6
Control of groundwater
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Techniques
6.2.1 Selection of appropriate technique
6.2.2 Sump pumping: extraction from the surface of the excavation
Figure 6.1
6.2.3 Deep wells, wellpoints and ejectors: extraction from below the excavation
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
6.2.4 Filters
6.2.5 Hazards
6.2.6 Recharge
6.2.7 Monitoring and maintenance
6.2.8 Consents
6.3. Investigation for dewatering
6.4. Analysis and design
6.4.1 Steps in analysis and design
6.4.2 Permeability
6.4.3 Analysis of pumped well dewatering systems
Figure 6.5
References
Bond A (ed.) (1994)
Preene M, Roberts TOL and Powrie W (2016)
Roberts TOL and Preene M (1994)
Further reading
Roberts TOL and Preene M (1994)
Chapter 7
Lime and cement stabilisation
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Materials and their effects on the soil
7.2.1 Lime
Figure 7.1
7.2.2 Cement
Figure 7.2
7.2.3 Blends
7.3. The performance of treated soils
7.3.1 Soil modification
7.3.2 Soil stabilisation
7.4. Testing
7.5. Plant
Figure 7.3
7.6. Health and safety
References
Bell FG (1988)
Christensen AP (1969)
Highways Agency (1991)
Highways Agency (2007)
Longworth I (2004)
Perry J, MacNeil D and Wilson P (1996a)
Perry J, Snowdon R and Wilson P (1996b)
Further reading
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (2005)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2012)
BSI (2013)
BSI (2018)
BSI (2018)
Mitchell J and Jardine FM (2002)
Chapter 8
Jet grouting
8.1. Introduction
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2
8.2. Construction methods
8.3. Design principles
8.3.1 Material properties
8.3.2 Design of the treated mass
Figure 8.3
8.3.3 Design verification
8.4. Monitoring and validation
8.5. Secondary and side effects
8.5.1 Ground heave and hydrofracture
8.5.2 Reaction with the ground
8.5.3 Spoil disposal
References
Berry GL, Shirlaw JN, Hayata K and Tan SH (1987)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2001)
Coupland J (2010)
de Wit JCM, Bogaards PJ, Langhorst OS et al. (2007a)
de Wit JCM, Bogaards PJ, Langhorst OS et al. (2007b)
Josifovski J, Susinov B and Markov I (2015)
Stark TD, Axtell PJ, Lewis JR et al. (2009)
Further reading
Bell AL (ed.) (1994)
Chapter 9
Artificial ground freezing
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Construction principles
9.2.1 Methods of ground freezing
Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2
9.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages
9.3. Design principles
9.3.1 Introduction
Figure 9.3
9.3.2 Thermal behaviour
9.3.3 Structural design
9.3.4 Practical aspects of design
Figure 9.4
9.4. The effects of freezing and thawing
Figure 9.5
9.5. Monitoring
Acknowledgements
References
Haasnoot J (2010)
Harris JS (1995)
Kofoed N and Doran SR (1995)
Viggiani GMB and Casini F (2015)
Further reading
Auld FA, Belton J and Allenby D (2015)
BGFS (British Ground Freezing Society) (1995)
BTS/ICE (British Tunnelling Society/Institution of Civil Engineers) (2010)
Chapter 10
Slope stability in temporary excavations
10.1. Introduction
Figure 10.1
10.2. The consequences of failure
10.3. Construction principles
10.4. Design principles - some simple fundamentals
10.4.1 The nature of fine- and coarse-grained soil
Figure 10.2
10.4.2 Effects of groundwater
10.4.3 Geotechnical categories
Figure 10.3
10.4.4 Design for soil slopes of βsmallβ size
10.4.5 Design for soil slopes of βmediumβ size
Figure 10.4
Table 10.1
10.4.6 Design of rock slopes
10.5. Monitoring
References
Bishop AW (1954)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2004)
BSI (2014)
BSI (2015)
Janbu N (1954)
Kovacevic N, Hight DW and Potts DM (2004)
Kovacevic N, Hight DW and Potts DM (2007)
Pettifer GS and Fookes PG (1994)
Smith CC and Gilbert M (2007)
Tomlinson MJ (2001)
Further reading
Bromhead E (1992)
Hoek E and Bray JW (1981)
Chapter 11
Sheet piling
11.1. Major alternatives
11.2. Types of steel sheet piling
Figure 11.1
11.3. Installing sheet piles
Figure 11.2
11.3.1 Open trench
11.3.2 Dig and push
11.3.3 Vibrators
11.3.4 Percussive or impact hammers
11.3.5 Hydraulic pushing
11.3.6 Driving aids
Figure 11.3
11.3.7 Water control
11.3.8 Extracting piles
11.3.9 Cofferdams
Figure 11.4
11.4. Eurocode 7
11.5. Design
11.5.1 Stresses due to applied loads
11.5.2 Limit equilibrium methodology
11.5.3 The installation and removal sequence
11.5.4 Deflection
11.5.5 Corrosion protection
11.5.6 Workmanship, construction tolerances
11.5.7 Framing and anchor support loads
11.5.8 Tension cracks
11.5.9 Thermal effects
11.5.10 Releasing strut and anchor loads
11.5.11 Circular cell structures
11.5.12 Twin-wall cofferdams and other gravity structures
11.5.13 Site constraints
11.5.14 Driveability
11.5.15 Design sequence
11.5.16 Partial factors that may be considered for use in sheet piling design
11.5.17 Other allowances suggested in the design
11.6. Inspection and maintenance
11.7. Plastic sheet piles
References
ArcelorMittal (2008)
ArcelorMittal (2016)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1969)
BSI (1990)
BSI (1996a)
BSI (1996b)
BSI (1999)
BSI (2002)
BSI (2003)
BSI (2004a)
BSI (2004b)
BSI (2004c)
BSI (2006a)
BSI (2006b)
BSI (2014)
BSI (2015)
BSI (2019)
CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association) (1995)
Gaba A, Hardy S, Doughty L, Powrie W and Selemetas D (2017)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2016)
UK Government (1974)
UK Government (2015)
Williams B and Waite D (1993)
Further reading
ArcelorMittal (2004)
ArcelorMittal (2014)
ArcelorMittal (2016)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2010)
BSI (2015)
BSI (2015)
Byfield M and Mawer R (2001)
Dawson R (2001)
Day RA and Potts DH (1989)
Driscoll R, Scott P and Powell J (2009)
Filip RK (2004)
Gaba A, Hardy S, Doughty L, Powrie W and Selemetas D (2017)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (1996)
Packshaw S (1962)
Padfield CJ (1984)
Rowe PW (1955)
Rowe PW (1957)
Symons IF, Little JA, McNulty TA, Carder DR and Williams SGO (1987)
ThyssenKrupp GfT Bautechnik (2010)
Yau JHW and McNicholl DP (1990)
Chapter 12
Trenching
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1 Major alternatives
12.1.2 Soils
12.1.3 Battering trenches
12.1.4 Risks, planning and construction
12.2. Techniques
12.2.1 Traditional timbering
12.2.2 Trench and drag boxes
Figure 12.1
12.2.3 Vertical shores
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
12.2.4 Trench sheets and hydraulic waling frames
Figure 12.4
12.2.5 Post and plank vertical H-sections
12.3. Design to CIRIA 97 trenching practice
Figure 12.5
Figure 12.6
12.4. Controlling water
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2000)
BSI (2004a)
BSI (2004b)
BSI (2015)
BSI (2019)
Irvine DJ and Smith RJH (1983)
Terzaghi K and Peck R (1996)
TRADA (Timber Research and Development Association) (1990)
UK Government (2015)
Watson TJ (1987)
Further reading
ArcelorMittal (2016)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2002)
BSI (2015)
CPA (Construction Plant-hire Association) (2001)
CPA (2004)
CPA (2016)
Department for Transport (2000)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (1997)
HSE (1997)
HSE (1999)
HSE (2000)
HSE (2009)
HSE (2012)
HSE (2013)
Mackay EB (1986)
Preene M (2000)
Sommerville SH (1986)
ThyssenKrupp GfT Bautechnik (2010)
UK Government (1991)
Chapter 13
Diaphragm walls
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Applications
13.3. Construction methods and plant
13.3.1 Planning
13.3.2 Site preparation
Figure 13.1
13.3.3 Working platforms
13.3.4 Guide walls
13.3.5 Support fluid
13.3.6 Reinforcement cages
Figure 13.2
Figure 13.3
13.3.7 Concreting
13.3.8 Grabs (rope and hydraulic)
Figure 13.4
Figure 13.5
13.3.9 Hydrofraise/hydromill/trenchcutter
Figure 13.6
Figure 13.7
13.3.10 Panel joints (stop ends)
13.4. Design
13.4.1 Scope
13.4.2 Geotechnical model
13.4.3 Embedded retaining wall design
13.4.4 Vertical capacity of walls
13.4.5 Reinforcement design
13.4.6 Watertightness and wall toe level for groundwater cut-off
13.4.7 Observation method
References
Bolton M, Lam SY and Vardanega PJ (2010)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2004a)
BSI (2004b)
BSI (2010)
BSI (2015)
EFFC/DFI (European Federation of Foundation Contractors/Deep Foundations Institute) (2016)
Fernie R and Suckling T (1996)
Fernie R, Shaw SM, Dickson RA et al. (2001)
Gaba A, Hardy S, Doughty L, Powrie W and Selemetas D (2017)
Huder H (1972)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2009)
ICE (2017)
Nicholson D, Tse CM and Penny C (1999)
Potts DM and Burland JB (1983)
Further reading
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1997)
BSI (2009)
BSI (2015)
Powrie W and Batten M (2000)
Puller MJ (1994)
Puller MJ (2003)
Twine D and Roscoe H (1999)
Chapter 14
Contiguous and secant piled walls
14.1. Introduction
14.1.1 Contiguous pile wall
14.1.2 Secant pile wall: hard/soft or hard/firm
Figure 14.1
Figure 14.2
14.1.3 Secant wall: hard/hard
Figure 14.3
14.2. Applications
14.3. Construction methods and plant
14.3.1 General considerations
Figure 14.4
Figure 14.5
14.3.2 Site preparation
14.3.3 Working platforms
14.3.4 Guide walls
14.3.5 Pile construction techniques
14.3.6 Reinforcement cages
14.3.7 Concreting
14.4. Design
14.4.1 Scope
14.4.2 Temporary support for lateral wall stability
14.4.3 Instrumentation
Figure 14.6
14.4.4 Reinforcement design
14.4.5 Watertightness and wall toe level for groundwater cut-off (secant walls only)
14.4.6 Vertical capacity of walls
14.4.7 Other aspects
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2004a)
BSI (2004b)
BSI (2009)
BSI (2010)
BSI (2015)
EFFC/DFI (European Federation of Foundation Contractors/Deep Foundations Institute) (2016)
Gaba A, Hardy S, Doughty L, Powrie W and Selemetas D (2017)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2016)
Nicholson D, Tse CM and Penny C (1999)
Further reading
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1997)
BSI (2015)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2009)
ICE (2016)
Powrie W and Batten M (2000)
Puller MJ (2003)
Twine D and Roscoe H (1999)
Chapter 15
Caissons and shafts
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Major alternatives
15.3. Common methods of construction
15.3.1 Underpinning
Figure 15.1
15.3.2 Caisson sinking
Figure 15.2
Figure 15.3
Figure 15.4
Figure 15.5
15.3.3 Pre-cast roof slabs
15.4. Principles of design
References
BTS (British Tunnelling Society) (2004)
BTS/ICE (British Tunnelling Society/Institution of Civil Engineers) (2010)
Further reading
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2011)
Chapter 16
Bearing piles
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Types and installation
16.2.1 Use of bearing piles in temporary works
16.2.2 Installation methods
16.3. Design principles
16.3.1 Ground parameters
Figure 16.1
Figure 16.2
16.3.2 Load factors
16.3.3 Loadings
16.3.4 Analytical process
16.3.5 Installation tolerances and site constraints
References
ArcelorMittal (2016)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2004)
BSI (2015)
BSI (2019)
ICE (2016)
Lord JA, Clayton CRI and Mortimore RN (2002)
Lord A, Hayward T and Clayton CRI (2003)
SCI (Steel Construction Institute) (1989)
Tomlinson MJ (1994)
Tomlinson MJ and Woodward J (2008)
Further reading
AGS (Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists) (2006)
Atkinson JH (1993)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2000)
BSI (2000)
BSI (2004)
BSI (2005)
BSI (2007)
BSI (2007)
BSI (2009)
BSI (2009)
BSI (2015)
Fleming WGK, Randolph M, Weltman A and Elson K (2009)
FPS (Federation of Piling Specialists) (2006)
Gaba A, Hardy S, Doughty L, Powrie W and Selemetas D (2017)
Healy PR and Weltman AJ (1980)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2016)
Jardine R, Chow F, Overy R and Standing J (2005)
Tomlinson MJ (1995)
Turner MJ (1997)
Chapter 17
Jetties and plant platforms
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Solid structure
17.2.1 Mass fill gravity platform or jetty structure
Figure 17.1
Figure 17.2
17.2.2 Sheet piled platform or jetty structure
17.3. Open jetty structure
Figure 17.3
Figure 17.4
17.4. Floating jetties
Figure 17.5
Figure 17.6
17.4.1 Mooring points
17.4.2 Connections
Figure 17.7
Figure 17.8
17.4.3 Consents
17.4.4 Interface with site team
17.4.5 Installation of piles
17.5. Loadings
17.5.1 Self-weight
17.5.2 Plant
Figure 17.9
17.5.3 Environmental loadings
17.6. Analysis
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2005)
BSI (2012)
BSI (2013a)
BSI (2013b)
BSI (2019)
Gaba AR, Simpson B, Powrie W and Beadman DR (2003)
HA (Highways Agency) (2001)
Further Reading
Blake LS (2004)
Ehrlich LA (1982)
Elson WK (1984)
Williams BP and Waite D (1993)
Chapter 18
Floating plant
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Types and uses
18.2.1 Pontoons and barges
Figure 18.1
Figure 18.2
18.2.2 Lightweight modular systems
18.2.3 Jack-up barges
Figure 18.3
Figure 18.4
18.2.4 Other
18.3. Design principles
18.3.1 General stability principles
Figure 18.5
Figure 18.6
Figure 18.7
18.3.2 Design of jack-up barges
References
Bennett WT, Hoyle MJR and Jones DE (1994)
Hathrell JAE (1968)
Tupper EC (2004)
Webber NB (1990)
Further reading
Blake LS (1994)
Chapter 19
Temporary bridging
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Temporary bridge types
19.2.1 Historical: the Bailey bridge
19.2.2 Proprietary bridging systems
Figure 19.1
Figure 19.2
Figure 19.3
19.2.3 Special designs
19.2.4 Foundations types and intermediate supports
Figure 19.4
19.3. The design process
19.3.1 Programme
19.3.2 Loading
19.3.3 Cross-section and span considerations
Figure 19.5
19.3.4 Detailed design and checking
19.3.5 Design standards and strength data
19.3.6 Client technical approval
19.3.7 Other design considerations
19.4. Transportation and construction
19.4.1 Transportation
19.4.2 Range of installation methods available
Figure 19.6
19.4.3 Site planning and execution
19.5. Other applications of temporary bridging parts
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2003)
BSI (2019)
Highways Agency (2001)
Further reading
Harpur J (1991)
Joiner JH (2001)
Network Rail (2012)
Chapter 20
Heavy moves
20.1. Introduction
20.1.1 Programme savings
Figure 20.1
20.1.2 Improved safety
20.1.3 Improved quality
20.1.4 Cost savings
20.2. Techniques
20.2.1 Cranes
Figure 20.2
20.2.2 Trailers
Figure 20.3
20.2.3 Jacking systems
Figure 20.4
Figure 20.5
Figure 20.6
Figure 20.7
20.2.4 Skidding systems
Figure 20.8
Table 20.1
20.3. Design
20.3.1 General
20.3.2 Crane lifting design
Table 20.2
Table 20.3
20.3.3 Heavy transport using SPMTs
References
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) (2000)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1998-2016)
DNV (Det Norske Veritas) (2000)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2013)
UK Government (1989)
Further reading
Bates GE, Hontz RM and Brent G (1998)
BSI (1998-2016)
CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association) (1977)
Energy Networks Association (2007)
GL Noble Denton (2010)
Lloyd D (ed.) (2003)
MacDonald JA, Rossnagel WA and Higgins LA (2009)
Shapiro H, Shapiro JP and Shapiro LK (1999)
UK Government (1998)
UK Government (1998)
Chapter 21
Access and proprietary scaffolds
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Managing scaffolding
21.3. Selection and designation
21.3.1 Selection
Figure 21.1
21.3.2 Designation
21.4. Materials and components
21.4.1 Scaffold tube
Table 21.1
21.4.2 Scaffold fittings
Table 21.2
Figure 21.2
21.4.3 Proprietary scaffolds
21.5. Scaffold design
21.5.1 General
21.5.2 Permissible stress or limit state design
21.5.3 Loading on scaffolds
21.5.4 Design of tube and fitting scaffolds
Table 21.3
Figure 21.3
21.5.5 Design of proprietary system scaffolds
Figure 21.4
Figure 21.5
21.6. Workmanship and inspections
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1990a)
BSI (1990b)
BSI (2001)
BSI (2003a)
BSI (2003b)
BSI (2003c)
BSI (2005a)
BSI (2005b)
BSI (2005c)
BSI (2006)
BSI (2008)
BSI (2019)
NASC (National Access & Scaffolding Confederation)&cb0; (2008)
NASC (2013a)
NASC (2013b)
NASC (2013c)
NASC (2014a)
NASC (2014b)
NASC (2016a)
NASC (2016b)
UK Government (1974)
UK Government (1994)
UK Government (2005)
UK Government (2007)
UK Government (2015)
Chapter 22
Falsework
22.1. Introduction
22.1.1 Permissible stress versus limit state
22.1.2 Choice of standard
22.1.3 Use of BS 5975:2019 - permissible stress
22.1.4 Use of BS EN 12812:2008 - limit state
22.2. Materials and components
22.2.1 Proprietary falsework equipment
Figure 22.1
Figure 22.2
22.2.2 Scaffold tube and fittings
22.2.3 Adjustable telescopic props
22.3. Loads on falsework
22.3.1 General
22.3.2 Permanent loads
22.3.3 Imposed loads
22.3.4 Loading from construction operations
Figure 22.3
22.3.5 Environmental loads
22.3.6 Indirect loads: settlement and elastic shortening
22.3.7 Minimum horizontal disturbing force
22.3.8 Variable persistent horizontal imposed load
22.4. Falsework design
22.4.1 Method of analysis
22.4.2 General
Figure 22.4
22.4.3 Check 1: Structural strength
22.4.4 Check 2: Lateral stability
22.4.5 Check 3: Overall stability
22.4.6 Check 4: Positional stability
Figure 22.5
22.4.7 Difference between fully and partially braced falsework
22.4.8 Erection tolerance
22.5. Workmanship and inspections
References
Bragg SL (1975)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1999)
BSI (2002)
BSI (2003)
BSI (2004)
BSI (2005a)
BSI (2005b)
BSI (2008)
BSI (2016)
BSI (2019)
Burrows M, Clark L, Pallett P, Ward R and Thomas D (2005)
CONSTRUCT (Concrete Structures Group) (2003)
CS (Concrete Society) (1999)
CS (2012)
CS/ISE (Concrete Society/Institution of Structural Engineers) (1971)
Chapter 23
Formwork
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Vertical formwork
Figure 23.1
23.3. Economy
23.4. Specifications and finishes
Table 23.1
23.5. Tolerances/deviations
23.6. Formwork materials
23.6.1 Face contact material
23.6.2 Bearers
23.6.3 Soldiers
23.6.4 Formwork ties
Figure 23.2
23.6.5 Proprietary panels
23.6.6 Release agents
Figure 23.3
23.7. Concrete pressure calculation
23.7.1 General
Figure 23.4
23.7.2 Effect of stiffening of the concrete
Figure 23.5
23.7.3 The pressure of concrete on formwork
Table 23.2
Table 23.3
23.8. Wall formwork design
23.8.1 Double-faced formwork
Figure 23.6
Figure 23.7
23.8.2 Stability of formwork
23.8.3 Single-faced formwork
Figure 23.8
Figure 23.9
23.9. Column formwork design
23.10. Striking vertical formwork
23.11. Workmanship/checking
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2009)
CIRIA/CS (Construction Industry Research and Information Association/Concrete Society) (2000)
CONSTRUCT (Concrete Structures Group) (2008)
CONSTRUCT (2010)
CS (Concrete Society) (1999)
CS (2003)
CS (2012)
Dhir RK, McCarthy MJ, Caliskan S and Ashraf MK (2004)
HA (Highways Agency) (2004)
Harrison TA and Clear C (1985)
National Building Specification (annually)
Pallett PF (2009)
UK Government (2005)
UK Government (2015)
UKWIR (UK Water Industry Research) (2011)
Further reading
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (2007)
Chapter 24
Soffit formwork
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Preamble to soffit form design
24.2.1 General
Figure 24.1
24.2.2 Specification and finishes
24.2.3 Equipment selection
Figure 24.2
Figure 24.3
24.3. Loading on soffit forms
24.3.1 Vertical
24.3.2 Horizontal
24.3.3 Notional force
24.4. Design
Figure 24.4
24.5. Cantilevered soffits
Figure 24.5
24.6. Striking soffit formwork
24.6.1 General
Table 24.1
24.6.2 Striking bridge soffits
24.6.3 Striking slabs up to 350 mm thick
Figure 24.6
Figure 24.7
24.6.4 Sequence of striking
24.7. Assessment of concrete strength
Figure 24.8
24.8. Checking and inspection
References
Beeby AW (2000)
BCA (British Cement Association) (2000)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2008)
BSI (2009)
BSI (2011)
BSI (2019)
CONSTRUCT (Concrete Structures Group) (2003)
CONSTRUCT (2008)
CONSTRUCT (2010)
CS (Concrete Society) (2012)
CS (2014)
HA (Highways Agency) (2006)
Harrison TA (1995)
National Building Specification (annually)
Ray SS, Barr J and Clark L (1996)
UKWIR (UK Water Industry Research) (2011)
Chapter 25
Climbing and slip forms
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Climbing and slip-form viability assessment
25.2.1 General
25.2.2 Economy of construction
Figure 25.1
25.2.3 Assessment/suitability of structure
25.2.4 Design
25.3. Climbing formwork
25.3.1 System selection
25.3.2 Climbing/concreting cycle
Figure 25.2
25.3.3 Design considerations
Figure 25.3
25.4. Slip forms
25.4.1 General
Figure 25.4
Figure 25.5
25.4.2 Design considerations
25.5. Climbing protection screens
25.5.1 General
25.5.2 Types of screens
Figure 25.6
Figure 25.7
25.5.3 Design considerations
25.6. Checking and inspection
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2005)
BSI (2015)
CS (Concrete Society) (2008)
CS (2012)
Further reading
BRE (2007)
Concrete Society (2014)
CONSTRUCT (2010)
Chapter 26
Temporary facΒΈade retention
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Philosophy of façade retention
26.2.1 Major alternative
26.2.2 General principles
26.2.3 Party walls
26.2.4 Surveying the existing building
26.3. Types of temporary façade retention schemes
26.3.1 Timber shoring
26.3.2 Scaffolding
26.3.3 Proprietary equipment
26.3.4 Fabricated steelwork
26.3.5 Vertical towers
Figure 26.1
Figure 26.2
26.3.6 Horizontal frame arrangements
Figure 26.3
26.4. Loads to be considered
26.4.1 General
26.4.2 Vertical loads
26.4.3 Construction operation loads
26.4.4 Impact loads
26.4.5 Wind loading
Table 26.1
26.4.6 Notional lateral forces
Figure 26.4
26.4.7 Other loads
26.5. Design considerations
26.5.1 General
26.5.2 Overall stability
26.5.3 Deflection criteria
26.5.4 Connections and restraint
26.5.5 Lateral restraint
26.6. Demolition, monitoring and inspection
References
Alexander SJ and Lawson RM (1981)
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (1995)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1997)
BSI (2005)
BSI (2011a)
BSI (2011b)
BSI (2019)
Bussell M, Lazarus D and Ross P (2003)
CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association) (1986)
Goodchild SL and Kaminski MP (1989)
Lazarus D, Bussell M and Ross P (2003)
Further reading
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (1991-1992)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1981)
BSI (1993)
BSI (2015)
Doran D, Douglas J and Pratley R (2009)
Gilbertson A (2017)
Highfield D (1991)
Historic England (2016)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (1984)
HSE (1985)
HSE (2006)
Knight LR (1984)
Lamsden BS (1988)
NSWC (New South Wales Construction) (1992)
Perry JG (1994)
Thorburn S and Littlejohn GS (1992)
UK Government (1990)
UK Government (2015)
Chapter 27
Bridge installation techniques
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Preparation and selection of installation technique
27.3. Partial deck erection schemes
27.3.1 Large crane erection to single and multi-span bridges
Figure 27.1
27.3.2 Pre-cast concrete arch
Figure 27.2
27.4. Deck erection as a single unit
27.4.1 Launching
Figure 27.3
Figure 27.4
27.4.2 Self-propelled modular transporter (SPMT)
Figure 27.5
27.5. Bridge and deck erection by tunnelling and mining
27.5.1 General description of erection technique
27.5.2 Base requirements
27.5.3 Risks and opportunities
27.5.4 Design considerations
Figure 27.6
27.6. Segmental bridge construction
Figure 27.7
References
Barnes JN and Gill JC (2018)
BTS/ICE (British Tunnelling Society/Institution of Civil Engineers) (2010)
Carney CT (2015)
NCE (New Civil Engineer) (2005)
Oliveira PJJ and Reis AJ (2016)
Parag CD, Frangopol DM, Nowak AS (1999)
Further reading
Allenby D and Ropkins JWT (2015)
Rosignoli M (2002)
Troyano LF (2003)
Watt D (2017)
Chapter 28
Backpropping
28.1. Introduction
28.2. The theory
Figure 28.1
Figure 28.2
28.3. Loads (actions) to be considered
28.4. Research
28.4.1 European Concrete Building Project (ECBP)
28.4.2 Latest research
28.4.3 Pre-loading backprops
28.5. Methodology - multi-storey construction
28.5.1 General
28.5.2 Left-in-place prop-and-panel systems
28.5.3 Struck-and-moved props
Figure 28.3
28.5.4 One-for-one or 50% fewer backprops
28.5.5 Concrete slab strength
28.5.6 Slab stiffness
28.6. Calculation methods - flat slabs
28.6.1 Method One - Revised
28.6.2 Method Two
28.6.3 Method Three
Figure 28.4
28.6.4 Method Four
28.7. With one level of backpropping
28.8. With two levels of backpropping
28.9. Worked examples - multi-storey construction
28.10. Methodology - heavy construction
Figure 28.5
28.11. Conclusion
References
Alexander R (2004)
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (2000)
BSI (2019)
CONSTRUCT (2003)
CS (Concrete Society) (2012a)
CS (2012b)
HSE (2015)
Pallett PF (2017)
UK Government (2015)
Vollum R (2008)
Further reading
BCA (British Cement Association) (2000)
BCA (2001)
Beeby AW (2001)
Chapter 29
Pressure testing of pipelines
29.1. Introduction
Figure 29.1
29.2. Gravity sewer pipelines
29.3. Pressure pipelines
Table 29.1
29.4. Design
29.4.1 Preventing injury and damage
29.5. Can restraint be provided without temporary works?
29.6. If temporary works are required, what are the options?
29.6.1 Propping of existing structures
29.6.2 Constructing new structures
29.6.3 Design of steel supports
29.7. Design of thrust blocks
Figure 29.2
29.8. Internal (puddle) flanges
29.9. On-site safety considerations
29.9.1 Testing procedures
Figure 29.3
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1988)
BSI (1989)
BSI (2000)
BSI (2007)
BSI (2009)
BSI (2010)
BSI (2011)
BSI (2015a)
BSI (2015b)
DIPRA (Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association) (2016)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2012)
Southern Water (2018)
Thorley ARD and Atkinson JH (1994)
UK Government (1998)
UK Government (2015)
UKWIR (2011)
Water UK (2015)
WRc (2012)
Further reading
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1997)
BSI (1999)
BSI (2010)
UK Government (1999)
UK Government (2010)
Chapter 30
Basement construction
30.1. Introduction
30.2. General planning considerations prior to work commencing
Figure 30.1
30.3. Constructing a basement in open cut
30.4. Constructing a basement in a supported excavation
30.5. Constructing a basement beneath an existing building or next to adjacent buildings
30.6. Temporary retaining wall
Figure 30.2
Figure 30.3
30.7. Support scheme to retaining wall
Figure 30.4
Figure 30.5
30.8. Top-down construction
30.9. Other design considerations
References
ArcelorMittal (2016)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2009)
BSI (2019)
Gilbertson A (2017)
UK Government (2015)
Further reading
Admiral H and Corano A (2018)
ArcelorMittal (2004)
ArcelorMittal (2014)
ArcelorMittal (2016)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2004)
BSI (2004)
BSI (2004)
BSI (2009)
BSI (2010)
BSI (2015)
Concrete Centre (2012)
EFFC/DFI (European Federation of Foundation Contractors/Deep Foundations Institute) (2016)
Filip RK (2006)
Gaba A, Hardy S, Doughty L, Powrie W and Selemetas D (2017)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2012)
ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (2009)
ICE (2016)
LABC (2014)
NHBC (2011)
Nicholson D, Tse CM and Penny C (1999)
Powrie W and Batten M (2000)
Puller MJ (2003)
Twine D and Roscoe H (1999)
UK Government (1990)
UK Government (1990)
UK Government (1996)
Chapter 31
Digital project delivery β visual planning and BIM
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Basics of building information modelling
31.3. BIM and communication
Figure 31.1
31.4. Key issues
31.5. Methods and techniques
31.5.1 Initial baseline information
Figure 31.2
Figure 31.3
Figure 31.4
31.5.2 3D/4D modelling
31.5.3 Virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality
Figure 31.5
Figure 31.6
Figure 31.7
31.6. Managing and minimising risk
31.7. Example - temporary substation
Figure 31.8
Figure 31.9
Figure 31.10
Figure 31.11
31.8. High-quality animations
Figure 31.12
Figure 31.13
Figure 31.14
31.9. Operations and future maintenance
31.10. Communication and engagement
31.11. Training and support
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2007)
BSI (2019)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2011)
Smith DJ (2017)
Further reading
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2013)
BSI (2014)
Chapter 32
Rebar stability
32.1. Introduction
Figure 32.1
Figure 32.2
Table 32.1
32.2. Potential problems and modes of failure
Figure 32.3
32.3. Common solutions
32.4. Design
32.5. Design rules
32.6. Structural behaviour of cages
32.7. Design solutions - walls
32.8. Wind loading
32.9. On-site inspections
32.10. Ties
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1999-2017)
BSI (2001)
BSI (2005)
BSI (2019)
TWf (Temporary Works Forum) (2013)
UK Government (1998a)
UK Government (1998b)
UK Government (2015)
Further reading
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2005)
BSI (2005)
BSI (2005)
BSI (2006)
BSI (2006)
Tubman J (1995)
Chapter 33
Needling and forming openings inwalls
33.1. Introduction
33.2. Assessment of the building
33.3. Is support required?
33.4. Assessing the loads to be supported
Figure 33.1
33.5. Responsibility for temporary works
33.6. Simple temporary works solutions
33.7. Needling schemes
Figure 33.2
Figure 33.3
Figure 33.4
Figure 33.5
33.8. Propping to needles
33.9. Sequence of removal of needles
33.10. On-site checklist
References
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1969)
BSI (1981)
BSI (2011)
BSI (2019)
Gilbertson A (2017)
HSE (2015)
Further reading
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (1991)
BRE (1991)
BRE (1992)
BRE (1992)
BRE (1992)
BRE (1995)
BRE (1999)
BRE (1999)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (1999)
BSI (2015)
CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association) (1994)
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (1990)
HSE (2004)
HSE (2006)
NASC (National Access & Scaffolding Confederation)&cb0; (2013)
Chapter 34
Temporary works in demolition
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Understand the structure
Figure 34.1
Figure 34.2
Figure 34.3
34.3. Demolition
34.3.1 General
34.3.2 Progressive demolition
34.3.3 Deliberate collapse mechanism
Figure 34.4
34.3.4 Deliberate collapse of steel structures
34.3.5 Deliberate collapse of concrete structures
34.3.6 Key points for pre-weakening
34.4. Temporary works for demolition
34.4.1 Site perimeter
34.4.2 Scaffold for demolition
34.4.3 Working platforms for high-reach machines
Figure 34.5
Figure 34.6
34.4.4 Propping for demolition plant
Figure 34.7
34.4.5 Temporary vertical propping
Figure 34.8
34.5. Load testing of slabs
34.6. Moving plant between floors
34.7. Structural stability during demolition
34.7.1 General
34.7.2 Stability of prefabricated and large panel structures
34.8. Basement stability and shoring during demolition
Figure 34.9
34.9. Column removal/structural openings
Figure 34.10
34.10. Conclusion
References
BRE (Building Research Establishment) (2004)
BSI (British Standards Institution) (2011)
BSI (2019)
Currie RJ, Armer CST and Moore JFA (1987a)
Currie RJ, Armer CST and Moore JFA (1987b)
NFDC (National Federation of Demolition Contractors) (2012)
NFDC (2014a)
NFDC (2014b)
TWf (Temporary Works Forum) (2012)
Further reading
Clarke R (2010)
35
Index