Technological and Modern Irrigation Environment in Egypt: Best Management Practices & Evaluation (Springer Water)

✍ Scribed by El-Sayed E. Omran (editor), Abdelazim M. Negm (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 364
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book gathers contributions on modern irrigation environments in Egypt from an environmental and agricultural perspective. Written by leading experts in the field, it discusses a wide variety of modern irrigation problems. In the context of water resources management in Egypt, one fundamental problem is the gap between growing water demand and limited supply. As such, improving irrigation systems and providing farmers with better control over water are crucial to increasing productivity.

The book presents state-of-the-art technologies and techniques that can be effectively used to address a range of problems in modern irrigation, as well as the latest research advances. Focusing on water sensing and information technologies, automated irrigation technologies, and improved irrigation efficiency. It brings together a team of experts who share their personal experiences, describe the various applications, present recent advances, and discuss possibilities for interdisciplinarycollaboration and implementing the techniques covered

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Introduction
Introduction to “Technological and Modern Irrigation Environment in Egypt: Best Management Practices and Evaluation”
1 Background/Overview
2 Themes of the Book
3 Chapters’ Summary
3.1 Irrigation Practice: Problems and Evaluation
3.2 Smart Irrigation Technology
3.3 Irrigation Management
3.4 Update Irrigation System Design
3.5 Water Reuse and Treatment
References
Irrigation Practice: Problems and Evaluation
Irrigation: Water Resources, Types and Common Problems in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Egyptian Water Resources Management History
3 Water Scarcities and Low Irrigation Efficiency in Egypt
3.1 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD): View Point
4 Water Resources of Egypt
4.1 Conventional Water Resources
4.2 Nonconventional Water Resources
5 Irrigation Systems and Their Common Problems
5.1 Surface Irrigation
5.2 Irrigation Using Sprinkler Systems
5.3 Drip Irrigation
5.4 Subsurface Irrigation
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Need for Evaluation of Irrigation Schemes and Irrigation Systems
1 Introduction
2 Basic Concepts and Terms
3 Irrigation Methods
3.1 Basin
3.2 Basin Check
3.3 Border Strip
3.4 Furrow or Corrugation
3.5 Sprinkler
3.6 Trickle (or Drip) Emitter
4 Efficiency and Uniformity of Irrigation
5 Essential Deficit Irrigation
6 High-Frequency Irrigation
7 Uniformity, Efficiency, and Economics
8 Conclusions
9 Recommendations
References
Evolution of Irrigation System, Tools and Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Stages of Development
2.1 Pre-history
2.2 Post-history Stage
2.3 Nineteenth-Century Stage
2.4 The First Half of the Twentieth-Century Stage
2.5 Stage of Continuous Storage of Nile Water
2.6 Basins Irrigation System in Egypt
3 Ancient Egyptian Irrigation Tools
3.1 Shadoof
3.2 Tanbour
3.3 Water Wheel (Saqia)
4 Irrigation in Egypt Today
References
Smart Irrigation Technology
Smart Sensing System for Precision Agriculture
1 Introduction
2 Precision Agriculture from Remote Sensing to Proximal Sensing
2.1 Smartphone-Based Precision Agriculture
2.2 Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (PXRF) for Soil Analysis
2.3 Multistripe Laser Triangulation (MLT) Scanning for Soil Physical Analysis
2.4 Reflectance Spectroscopy for Soil–Plant Properties Measurement
2.5 Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electromagnetic Induction for Underground Sensing
2.6 Thermal Infrared and Acoustic Sensor for Disease Detection
3 An Internet of Things and a Cloud-Based for Smart Precision Agriculture
3.1 On-Line Smart Farming Concept
3.2 Overall Framework of the Proposed System for Precision Agriculture
3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of the System
4 Conclusions
References
Development of Recent Information and Data on Irrigation Technology and Management
1 Introduction
2 Data Records
2.1 Data and Records of Irrigator
2.2 Data and Records of Irrigation Management Advisor (IMA)
2.3 Data and Records of Agricultural Extension Worker (AEW)
2.4 Data and Records of Experts
2.5 Data and Records of the External Evaluators
3 Data and Information Required for Irrigation
3.1 Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc)
3.2 Crop Coefficients
3.3 Crop Types
3.4 Climate
3.5 Data and Records of Water and Soil
3.6 Stages of Crop Growth
4 Evapotranspiration Concepts
4.1 Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements
4.2 Irrigation Scheduling
4.3 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo)
5 Calculation of Crop Water and Irrigation Requirements Using Computer Software
5.1 Model of the FAO CROPWAT
5.2 Program of Crops Sequence or Rotation
5.3 The Efficacious Rainfall and the Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) Calculation
5.4 Net Irrigation and Irrigation Requirements
6 Detailed Assessment and Specific Data for the Pilot Areas
6.1 Soil Sampling
6.2 Soil Analysis
6.3 Water Balance Calculation
6.4 Groundwater Monitoring
6.5 Irrigation and Groundwater Analysis
6.6 Analysis of Surface and Subsurface Drainage
7 Conclusions
8 Recommendations
References
Medicinal Plants in Hydroponic System Under Water-Deficit Conditions—A Way to Save Water
1 Introduction
2 Irrigation in Hydroponics
2.1 Irrigation Control Methods in Medicinal Plants Grown in Hydroponic Systems [5]
2.2 Occasional Irrigation
2.3 Pulse Irrigation
2.4 High-Frequency Irrigation
2.5 Layout of Irrigation Systems in Hydroponics [13, 14]
2.6 Deficit Irrigation (DI)
3 Hydroponics, Aquaponics, and Aeroponics
3.1 Type of Hydroponics
4 Aquaponics Can Serve as Saving Water [43, 44]
4.1 What Is Aquaponics?
4.2 Aquaponics System Does Not Require Machinery
5 Hydroponics and Fish [43, 46]
6 Irrigation Control in Hydroponics: Hydroponics Systems and Deficit Irrigation
6.1 Irrigation in Hydroponics
6.2 Water Conservation in Hydroponics
7 Growing Medicinal Plants in Hydroponic Systems
7.1 Growing Medicinal Plants in Sand Culture, the Higher Commonly Used System, as a Hydroponic System
8 Using Biostimulants for Production Medicinal Plant in Sand Culture
9 Conclusion
References
Irrigation Management
Accurate Estimation of Crop Coefficients for Better Irrigation Water Management in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Agro-Climatic Zoning in Egypt
3 Calculation of ETo
4 Crop Coefficients in the Agro-Climatic Zones of Egypt
4.1 Weather Descriptions of the Agro-Climatic Zones of Egypt
4.2 Planting and Harvest Date for the Selected Crops
4.3 Kc for Crops Grown in the First Agro-Climatic Zones
4.4 Kc for Crops Grown in the Second Agro-Climatic Zones
4.5 Kc for Crops Grown in the Third Agro-Climatic Zones
4.6 Kc for Crops Grown in the Fourth Agro-Climatic Zones
4.7 Kc for Crops Grown in the Fifth Agro-Climatic Zones
5 Water Consumptive Use for Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones
6 Comparison Between Measured and Estimated Values of Water Consumptive Use
7 Conclusions
8 Recommendations
References
Vermicomposting Impacts on Agriculture in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Vermicomposting
2.1 Vermicomposting Process: Requirements
2.2 Vermicomposting Species
2.3 Vermicomposting: Important Factors
2.4 Earthworm Categories
2.5 Egypt: Native Earthworms
3 Compost
3.1 Compost Versus Vermicompost
4 Gap Analysis of Current Scenario of on-Farm Along with Organic Waste Management Practices in Egypt
4.1 On-Farm Organic Waste
4.2 Urban Wastes
4.3 Municipal Solid Waste
5 Fertilizer Status in Egypt
5.1 Vermicompost as Fertilizers in Egypt
5.2 Vermicomposting of Agricultural Wastes
5.3 Urban Waste Vermicomposting
5.4 Vermicomposts Effect on Plant Growth
6 Environmental Impacts of Current on-Farm and Urban Organic Waste Management Practices
6.1 Emissions from Vermicompost
6.2 Total Emissions from Waste Sector in Egypt
6.3 Emissions from Agricultural Wastes
6.4 Analysis of the Egyptian Context and Applicability of Vermiculture as a Means of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction
7 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas from the Solid Wastes
8 Benefits of Vermicompost to Save Water
9 Conclusions
References
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency and Economic Water Productivity of Different Plants Under Egyptian Conditions
1 Introduction
2 IWUE and EWP Definition
3 Effect of Experimental Location on IWUE
4 Effect of Some Management Procedures on IWUE
4.1 Irrigation Rate and Frequency
4.2 Irrigation System
4.3 Soil Treatments
4.4 Plant Treatments
5 Comparison Between Some of IWUE and EWP Values Under Both Egyptian and Worldwide Conditions
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendations
References
Irrigation System Design
Improving Performance of Surface Irrigation System by Designing Pipes for Water Conveyance and On-Farm Distribution
1 Introduction
2 Primary Theories of Water Flow by Pipes
2.1 Water Pressure—Static and Dynamic Head
2.2 Calculation of Head Losses in Pipe Flow
2.3 Designing Pipe Sizes for Irrigation Water Flow
3 General Considerations for Designing Surface Irrigation System
3.1 Variables in Surface Irrigation System
3.2 Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation System
4 Irrigation Efficiencies
4.1 Application Efficiency
4.2 Storage Efficiency/Water Requirement Efficiency
4.3 Irrigation Distribution Uniformity
4.4 Uniformity Coefficient
4.5 Low-Quarter Distribution Uniformity
5 Performance Evaluation
5.1 Concept, Objective, and Purpose of Performance Evaluation
5.2 Performance Indicators
5.3 Engineering Indicators
5.4 On-Farm Water Use Indicators
5.5 Crop and Water Productivity
5.6 Socioeconomic Indicators
6 Ideal Situation for Estimation of Irrigation System
7 Performance Assessment of Surface Irrigation System
7.1 Border Irrigation Evaluation
7.2 Basin Irrigation Evaluation
7.3 Furrow Irrigation Evaluation
8 Improving Performance of Surface Irrigation System
9 Case Studies from Egypt
9.1 Improving Irrigation Efficiency
9.2 Some of the Obstacles and Constraints
10 Conclusions
11 Recommendations
References
Micro-sprinkler Irrigation of Orchard
1 Introduction
2 Types and Irrigation System
2.1 Percentage Wetted Area
2.2 Irrigation Frequency and Duration
3 Evaluation
3.1 Equipment Needed
3.2 Field Procedure
3.3 Utilization of Field Data
3.4 Average Application Rate
3.5 Distribution Characteristic
3.6 Storage Efficiency
4 Analysis and Recommendations
4.1 Improvements
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendation
Annex 1
References
Drip Irrigation Technology: Principles, Design, and Evaluation
1 Introduction
2 Drip Irrigation
3 Drip Irrigation Types
3.1 Surface Drip Irrigation System
3.2 Subsurface Drip Irrigation System
3.3 Bubbler Irrigation System
3.4 Micro-sprinkler Irrigation System
3.5 Mobile Drip Irrigation System (MDIS)
3.6 Ultra-low Drip Irrigation (ULDI) System
4 Components of Drip Irrigation System
5 Design of Drip Irrigation System
5.1 General Steps for Design
5.2 Elements that Are Calculated When Designing Drip Irrigation System
6 Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System
6.1 Experimental Evaluation of Drip Irrigation Network
7 Summary
References
Water Reuse and Treatment
Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Water Enhances Growth and Defense Mechanisms of Broad Bean (Vicia Faba L.) and Rehabilitates the Toxicity of Nickel and Lead
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Soil Preparation, Plant Material, and Growth Conditions
2.2 Biochemical Measurements
2.3 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendations
References
Irrigation with Magnetically Treated Water Induces Antioxidative Responses of Vicia Faba L. to Ni and Pb Stress at Harvest Stage
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Soil
2.2 Plant Material and Growth Conditions
3 Statistical Analyses
4 Results
4.1 Total Proteins
4.2 Proline Content
4.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
4.4 Lipid Peroxidation (MDA)
4.5 Electrolyte Leakage (EL)
4.6 Antioxidant Enzymes Activity
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
7 Recommendations
References
Conclusions
Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations to “Technological and Modern Irrigation Environment in Egypt: Best Management Practices and Evaluation”
1 Introduction
2 Update
2.1 Update on Irrigation Practice: Problems and Evaluation
2.2 Update on Smart Irrigation Technology
2.3 Update on Irrigation Management
2.4 Update Irrigation System Design
2.5 Update Water Reuse and Treatment
3 Conclusions
3.1 Irrigation Practice: Problems and Evaluation
3.2 Smart Irrigation Technology
3.3 Irrigation Management
3.4 Irrigation System Design
3.5 Water Reuse and Treatment
4 Recommendations
References