TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMICS FOR ENGINEERS basics and applications.

✍ Scribed by ACHIM SCHMIDT

• Publisher: SPRINGER NATURE
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 987
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Nomenclature
Roman Symbols
Greek Symbols
Subscripts
Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
1.1 How Is This Book Structured?
1.2 Classification of Thermodynamics
1.2.1 Technical Thermodynamics
1.2.2 Statistical Thermodynamics
1.2.3 Chemical Thermodynamics
1.3 Distinction Thermodynamics/Heat Transfer
1.3.1 Thermodynamics
1.3.2 Heat Transfer
1.4 History of Thermodynamics
1.4.1 The Caloric Theory Around 1780
1.4.2 Thermodynamics as from the 18th Century
1.4.3 Thermodynamics in the 21st Century
1.4.4 Modern Automotive Applications
Part I Basics and Ideal Fluids
2 Energy and Work
2.1 Mechanical Energy
2.1.1 Kinetic Energy
2.1.2 Potential Energy
2.1.3 Spring Energy
2.2 Thermal Energy—Heat
2.3 Chemical Energy
2.4 Changeability of Energy
2.4.1 Joule's Paddle Wheel
2.4.2 Internal Energy
3 System and State
3.1 System
3.1.1 Classification of Systems
3.1.2 Permeability of Systems—Open Versus Closed Systems
3.1.3 Examples for Thermodynamic Systems
3.2 State of a System
3.2.1 Thermal State Values
3.2.2 Caloric State Values
3.2.3 Outer State Values
3.2.4 Size of a System
3.2.5 Extensive, Intensive and Specific State Values
4 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
4.1 Mechanical Equilibrium
4.2 Thermal Equilibrium
4.3 Chemical Equilibrium
4.4 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
4.5 Assumptions in Technical Thermodynamics
5 Equations of State
5.1 Gibbs' Phase Rule
5.1.1 Single-Component Systems Without Phase Change
5.1.2 Single-Component Systems with Phase Change
5.1.3 Multi-Component Systems
5.2 Explicit Versus Implicit Equations of State
6 Thermal Equation of State
6.1 Temperature Variations
6.2 Pressure Variations
6.3 Ideal Gas Law
7 Changes of State
7.1 The p,v-Diagram
7.1.1 Isothermal Change of State
7.1.2 Isobaric Change of State
7.1.3 Isochoric Change of State
7.2 Equilibrium Thermodynamics
7.2.1 Quasi-Static Changes of State
7.2.2 Requirement for a Quasi-Static Change of State
7.3 Reversible Versus Irreversible Changes of State
7.3.1 Mechanical
7.3.2 Thermal
7.3.3 Chemical
7.4 Conventional Thermodynamics
8 Thermodynamic Processes
8.1 Equilibrium Process
8.2 Transient State
8.3 Thermodynamic Cycles
8.4 Steady State Process
8.4.1 Open Systems
8.4.2 Closed Systems
8.4.3 Cycles
9 Process Values Heat and Work
9.1 Thermal Energy—Heat
9.2 Work
9.2.1 Definition of Work
9.2.2 Volume Work
9.2.3 Effective Work
9.2.4 Systems with Internal Friction—Dissipation
9.2.5 Dissipation Versus Outer Friction
9.2.6 Mechanical Work
9.2.7 Shaft Work
9.2.8 Shifting Work
9.2.9 Technical Work Respectively Pressure Work
10 State Value Versus Process Value
10.1 Total Differential
10.2 Schwarz's Theorem
11 First Law of Thermodynamics
11.1 Principle of Equivalence Between Work and Heat
11.2 Closed Systems
11.2.1 Systems at Rest
11.2.2 Systems in Motion
11.2.3 Partial Energy Equation
11.3 Open Systems
11.3.1 Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems
11.3.2 Non-steady State Flows
11.3.3 Steady State Flows
11.3.4 Partial Energy Equation
12 Caloric Equations of State
12.1 Specific Internal Energy u and Specific Enthalpy h for Ideal Gases
12.2 Specific Entropy s as New State Value for Ideal Gases
12.3 Derivation of the Caloric Equations for Real Fluids
12.3.1 Specific Internal Energy u
12.3.2 Specific Enthalpy h
12.4 Handling of the Caloric State Equations
12.4.1 Ideal Gases
12.4.2 Distinction Between cv and cp for Ideal Gases
12.4.3 Isentropic Exponent
12.4.4 Temperature Dependent Specific Heat Capacity
12.4.5 Incompressible Fluids, Solids
12.4.6 Adiabatic Throttle
13 Meaning and Handling of Entropy
13.1 Entropy—Clarification
13.2 Comparison Entropy Balance Versus First Law of Thermodynamics
13.3 Energy Conversion—Why Do We Need Entropy?
13.4 The T,s-Diagram
13.4.1 Benefit of a New State Diagram
13.4.2 Physical Laws in a T,s-Diagram for Ideal Gases
13.5 Adiabatic, Reversible Change of State
13.6 Polytropic Change of State
13.7 Entropy Balancing
13.7.1 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
13.7.2 Entropy Balance for Open Systems
13.7.3 Thermodynamic Mean Temperature
13.7.4 Entropy and Process Evaluation
13.8 Entropy—Conclusion
14 Transient Processes
14.1 Mechanical Driven Process
14.2 Thermal Driven Process
14.3 Chemical Driven Process
14.4 Conclusions
15 Second Law of Thermodynamics
15.1 Formulation According to Planck—Clockwise Cycle Processes
15.1.1 The Thermal Engine
15.1.2 Why Clockwise Cycle?
15.2 Formulation According to Clausius—Counterclockwise Cycle processes
15.2.1 The Cooling Machine/Heat Pump
15.2.2 Why Counterclockwise Cycle?
15.3 The Carnot-Machine
15.3.1 The Carnot-Machine—Clockwise Cycle
15.3.2 The Carnot-Machine—Counterclockwise Cycle
16 Exergy
16.1 Exergy of Heat
16.1.1 Heat at Constant Temperature
16.1.2 Heat at Variable Temperature
16.1.3 Sign of the Exergy of Heat
16.2 Exergy of Fluid Flows
16.3 Exergy of Closed Systems
16.4 Loss of Exergy
16.4.1 Closed System
16.4.2 Open System in Steady State Operation
16.4.3 Thermodynamic Cycles
16.5 Sankey-Diagram
16.5.1 Open System
16.5.2 Heat Transfer
17 Components and Thermodynamic Cycles
17.1 Components
17.1.1 Turbine
17.1.2 Compressor
17.1.3 Thermal Turbomachines in a h,s-Diagram
17.1.4 Adiabatic Throttle
17.1.5 Heat Exchanger
17.2 Thermodynamic Cycles
17.2.1 Carnot Process
17.2.2 Joule Process
17.2.3 Clausius Rankine Process
17.2.4 Seiliger Process
17.2.5 Stirling Process
17.2.6 Compression Heat Pump
17.2.7 Process Overview
Part II Real Fluids and Mixtures
18 Single-Component Fluids
18.1 Ideal Gas Versus Real Fluids
18.2 Phase Change Real Fluids
18.2.1 Example: Isobaric Vaporisation
18.2.2 The p,v,T-state Space
18.2.3 p,T-Diagram
18.2.4 T,v-Diagram
18.2.5 p,v-Diagram
18.2.6 State Description Within the Wet Steam Region
18.3 State Values of Real Fluids
18.3.1 Van der Waals Equation of State
18.3.2 Redlich-Kwong
18.3.3 Peng-Robinson
18.3.4 Berthelot
18.3.5 Dieterici
18.3.6 Virial Equations
18.3.7 Steam Tables
18.4 Energetic Consideration
18.4.1 Reversibility of Vaporisation
18.4.2 Heat of Vaporisation
18.4.3 Caloric State Diagrams
18.4.4 Clausius-Clapeyron Relation
18.5 Adiabatic Throttling—Joule-Thomson Effect
18.5.1 Ideal Gas
18.5.2 Real Gas
19 Mixture of Ideal Gases
19.1 Concentration Specifications
19.2 Dalton's Law
19.3 Laws of Mixing
19.3.1 Concentration, Thermal State Values
19.3.2 Internal Energy, Enthalpy
19.3.3 Adiabatic Mixing Temperature
19.3.4 Irreversibility of Mixing
20 Humid Air
20.1 Thermodynamic State
20.1.1 Concentration
20.1.2 Aggregate State of the Water
20.1.3 Distinction Between Vaporisation and Evaporation
20.1.4 Unsaturated Versus Saturated Air
20.2 Specific State Values
20.2.1 Thermal State Values
20.2.2 Caloric State Values
20.2.3 Specific Enthalpy h1+x
20.2.4 Specific Entropy s1+x
20.2.5 Overview Possible Cases
20.3 The h1+x,x-diagram According to Mollier
20.4 Changes of State for Humid Air
20.4.1 Heating and Cooling at Constant Water Content
20.4.2 Dehumidification
20.4.3 Adiabatic Mixing of Humid Air
20.4.4 Humidification of Air
20.4.5 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature
20.4.6 The h1+x,x-Diagram for Varying Total Pressure
21 Steady State Flow Processes
21.1 Incompressible Flows
21.2 Adiabatic Flows
21.2.1 Adiabatic Diffusor
21.2.2 Adiabatic Nozzle
21.3 Velocity of Sound
21.4 Fanno Correlation
21.5 Rayleigh Correlation
21.6 Normal Shock
21.7 Supersonic Flows
21.7.1 Flow of a Converging Nozzle
21.7.2 Laval-Nozzle
22 Thermodynamic Cycles with Phase Change
22.1 Steam Power Process
22.1.1 Clausius–Rankine Process
22.1.2 Steam Power Plant
22.2 Heat Pump and Cooling Machine
22.2.1 Mechanical Compression
22.2.2 Thermal Compression
Part III Reactive Systems
23 Combustion Processes
23.1 Fossil Fuels
23.2 Fuel Composition
23.2.1 Solid Fuels
23.2.2 Liquid Fuels
23.2.3 Gaseous Fuels
23.3 Stoichiometry
23.3.1 Solid/Liquid Fuels
23.3.2 Gaseous Fuels
23.3.3 Mass Conservation
23.3.4 Conversions
23.3.5 Setting Up a Chemical Equation
23.3.6 Dew Point of the Exhaust Gas
23.4 Energetic Balancing
23.4.1 Lower Heating Value
23.4.2 Conceptual 3-Steps Combustion
23.4.3 Higher Heating Value
23.4.4 Combustion Calculation Component by Component
23.4.5 Molar and Volume Specific Lower/Higher Heating Value
23.4.6 Combustion Temperature
23.5 Combustion Chamber
23.5.1 Efficiency
23.5.2 Operation
24 Chemical Reactions
24.1 Mass Balance
24.2 Energy Balance
24.2.1 Caloric Equations of State
24.2.2 Open Systems
24.2.3 Closed Systems
24.3 Gibbs Energy
24.3.1 Definition
24.3.2 Molar Gibbs Energy
24.3.3 Motivation
24.4 Chemical Potential
24.4.1 Multi-Component Systems
24.4.2 Chemical Reactions
24.5 Exergy of a Fossil Fuel
Appendix A Steam Table (Water) According to IAPWS
Appendix B Selected Absolute Molar Specific Enthalpies/Entropies
Appendix C Caloric State Diagrams
C.1 Water
C.2 Refrigerants
Appendix D The h1+x,x-Diagram
Appendix E Formulary
Appendix References
Index