Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 13
List of Tables......Page 14
List of Figures......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 17
Notes on Contributors......Page 18
Foreword: Teamwork......Page 22
Introduction: Teamwork in Theory and in Practice......Page 28
1 Rational choice and the need for teamwork......Page 29
2 Teams outside the rational choice model......Page 32
3 Research questions......Page 35
3.1 What is a team?......Page 36
3.2 What is the evolutionary basis of teamwork?......Page 38
3.3 What makes teamwork work?......Page 40
3.4 Which is my team?......Page 41
3.5 Can we learn to be team players?......Page 43
Notes......Page 45
References......Page 46
1.1 A note on the word 'team'......Page 49
1.2 Some background......Page 50
1.3 What is joint commitment?......Page 51
1.4 Sketch of a joint commitment account of team action......Page 52
1.5 Why invoke joint commitment?......Page 54
1.6 Team phenomena other than team action: goals, beliefs, emotions, values......Page 55
1.7 Are there good reasons not to invoke joint commitment?......Page 56
Notes......Page 57
References......Page 59
2 Cognitive Cooperation: When the Going Gets Tough, Think as a Group......Page 60
2.1 The experiments......Page 62
2.1.1 Experiment 1: The standard game of Twenty Questions......Page 63
2.1.2 Experiment 2: Partial Twenty Questions game in a brainstorming format......Page 68
2.2 Discussion......Page 71
2.3 Cognitive cooperation and evolutionary psychology......Page 73
2.4 Cognitive cooperation and traditional psychology......Page 75
References......Page 81
3.1 The evolution of teamwork and team reasoning......Page 83
3.1.1 How might teamwork evolve?......Page 85
3.1.2 The origins of human teamwork......Page 88
3.1.3 From teamwork to team reasoning......Page 89
3.2 Cooperation and environmental risk......Page 90
3.2.3 Social feeding of worms......Page 91
3.2.5 Mole-rat societies......Page 92
3.2.7 The role of communication......Page 93
3.3 Environmental risk and cooperation: a model......Page 94
3.3.1 Model 1......Page 96
3.3.2 Model 2......Page 99
3.4 Risk, trust and teamwork......Page 100
Acknowledgements......Page 101
References......Page 102
4.1.1 Public-good provision in teams......Page 105
4.1.2 Game theory and the equilibrium-selection problem......Page 106
4.1.3 The evolution of team contributions......Page 107
4.2.1 The game......Page 109
4.2.2 The dynamic......Page 111
4.2.3 Analysis......Page 112
4.2.4 Discussion......Page 117
4.3 Extensions and simulations......Page 120
4.4 Conclusions......Page 123
Appendix: Omitted proofs......Page 124
Notes......Page 125
References......Page 127
5 Cooperation and Communication: Group Identity or Social Norms?......Page 129
5.1 Experiments......Page 130
5.2 Group identity......Page 133
5.3 Cheap talk......Page 138
5.4 Creating identities......Page 142
5.5 Keeping promises......Page 146
5.6 Talking to machines......Page 151
5.7 Cognitive misers......Page 152
Appendix......Page 156
Notes......Page 157
References......Page 159
6 The Psychology of Effective Teamworking......Page 163
6.1 What is a team?......Page 164
6.2.1 Inputs......Page 165
6.2.2 Group processes......Page 171
References......Page 179
7 Teams over Time โ a Logical Perspective......Page 188
7.1.1 Logical properties of cooperation......Page 190
7.1.2 Dynamic team interaction......Page 192
7.1.3 Team design and system verification......Page 195
7.1.4 Individuals vs. teams......Page 199
7.2 Cooperation over time......Page 201
7.3 Cooperation, time and knowledge......Page 204
7.4 Conclusions and further topics......Page 206
References......Page 207
8.1 The Footballers' Problem and the Prisoner's Dilemma: an introduction to team reasoning......Page 208
8.2 Two problems......Page 210
8.3 The logic of reason to believe......Page 212
8.4 Team maximizing......Page 215
8.5 Team satisficing......Page 218
8.6 Assurance......Page 220
8.7 Conclusion......Page 223
Notes......Page 224
References......Page 225
9.1 Rationality does not require individualism......Page 227
9.2 The formation of collective units of activity: local vs. global processes......Page 232
9.3 The role of mind-reading in collective activity......Page 234
Notes......Page 239
References......Page 241
10 Evolution of Cooperation Without Awareness in Minimal Social Situations......Page 243
10.1 Two-person minimal social situation......Page 244
10.2 Intuitive background......Page 246
10.3 Experimental findings......Page 247
10.4 Formalization of dyadic MSS......Page 249
10.5 Multi-person MMSS......Page 251
10.6 Predictions and conclusions......Page 255
Appendix......Page 257
Notes......Page 259
References......Page 260
11 Learning in Robot Teams......Page 263
11.1 Learning to play robot football......Page 264
11.1.1 Learning to play football from rewards......Page 265
11.1.2 The reinforcement learning algorithm......Page 266
11.1.4 The results......Page 268
11.2.1 The task and the fitness sharing method......Page 271
11.2.2 The robot controllers......Page 273
11.2.3 The results......Page 275
11.3 Discussion......Page 276
References......Page 277
L......Page 279
U......Page 280