Introductory Paper by DR. G. STAFFORD WHITBY* Tlic ellitriictcristic fcnturcs of oiir civiliziitioti tlepctid t~sseiitiullp on the applicntioti of noti-iiniiiiiil ciicrgy t.hrough iuiichiiics. A11cl mfichitics iirl' tlcpctidctit ili tiiniiy rcspccts 011 chcniistry. Tlic part wltich ctigiiiccring plays iii tlic fiibricatdon iuid usc of tiinchitics is gctwriilly obviotis ciioiigli. Tlic piirt wlticli cltciiiistry pliiys, nltltoiigli often cssciitinl, docs iiot iii gciicriil forcc itself on t.lic attctitioti of tlic :ivcr:igc ttiiiii. Iiidcctl, c h i i s t r y , iilt.lioitgli ul)iqititoits iti tiiotlcrti iiidustry, is so little obvious to thc ciisual obscrvcr, t h i t i t Iiris, with soiiic justticss, liceti rcfcrrcd to as " t h liivisiblc Scicncc." Cltciniciil proccsscs iirc involvcd i t i iiii cssctitiiil :itid oftcii clomitiniit m y iii iiinny liiics of itidustry in tidtlit.ioii to tliosc conccrticd with thc proclitctioti of cliciiiicrils in tlic iinrrow or cotiwtitiotiiil sc~isc of tlic lnttcr tcrni. Chctiiistry is iiivolvcd iii iniportiint ways in t,hc dcvclopinctit :itid nppliciitioii of ciicrgy for iiiiicliiiics, : i d in tltc production of the tiiiitcriuk froiii wliicli tiiiicliiiics thcttis c l v c ~ nrc built :itid on wlticli t h y o~icrntc to fnbricnte niniiufnctured goods. :I ti tlic processes of niiuiufiicturc to whicli iiincliitics iirc iipplicrl cliciiiiciil cltntigc id tlic riiw inntcrinls, citlicr i t 1 wliolc or i i i part w d cithcr 11s ti fitiitl result or :in csscttticil ititcrtnctlintc stngc, is involvccl fiir oftciicr tliiiti tlic ciisri:il obser~r rcnlizcs. Cltcinistry is iiivolrcd too n t i~llllllllC~li~J~~ points iii tlic cultiv:it,ion of vegctiiblc iiiid iitiitiiitl products iiiid iii tltc processing of tltcin, in their lircpnrutioii as food, thcir cotivcrsioti to clothing, iind tlic production froni thmi of iiiiitcriiils for use in iitutiuf;icturiiig. Piicts illustrntivc of tltcsc stiitcinctits arc to bc fouiitl i n tAis piper :iiitI tlic pripcrs ivlt icli follow. SOURCES OF ENERGY of ciicrgy i n t.ltc fornis of ( ( I ) w t c r lJO\'Cr, (11) cod, (c) pctrolcutii, (tl) niit,uriil giis, (c) bitutttcti, ( J ) oil slirtle, Ciiiiiidu, wit,li its illtilost ~~~~~L l ~t I ~~i l ~J ~~ Inlws ritttl its itiiglity rivcrs, Itiis 228,307 synitrc tides of fresh wittcr (tieiirly t,wice tlic iircii of tlic .I3ritish Isles), iiiucli of whicli is a t t i coiisidcriiI)la Iicight iilrovc sat-writcr iititl hcitcc it potctit,inl soitrc~! of energy. 'l'ltc t,ot:il of ~ircsctit turlriiic instnllritiotts is 7,945,5!10 11.11. 011 t,lic siitttc brisis iis present itistiilliitioits (011 t.lic iivcritgc 30% grciitcr tliriti the p o ~r corrcspotitliiig to " orclitiiiry sis-niont,lis' * 1 iini iiitlolitetl to Ah-. 1' . U. Ctcrri f i ~r naniwttuico in ~ISRUIII. bling s i m o of tliu attititticiil cltitii tiricil in Iircpiiriny tliin piiliur. C.S,\'.
Tlicre n\wiliiblc for ititlrlstry it1 Ciitiiidii soltttcs (y) pent. flow " ;It t.llc sites of iiistiilliitioii) the totitl aviiilithlc Itydroclcctric cticrgy is 43,700,000 11.p. 'l'he presciit instiilliitioii is about 1Y;L of tliis; A t thc hcgititiiiig of thc cciitiiry, in 1900, t.lic tatiil tiir1)iilc iiistiill:it.ioti wis otdy 153,323 11.1). Of tlie clcctric cticrgy gciicr:itctl in Critiiid:i, 98yo is tlcrirccl from ivntcr power. \'Me the iiutiibcr of ctiiployces i n Ciiiiiiclinti ititlustry iticreiiscd by otily 3 I)ctwccii 1923 nut1 193.1, the clcctric power cquipiiietit iticrciisctl by 97 *'i%,. For every industriiil wage-ciirticr in Citii:idiiiti iiiditstry, 10 11.1). of clcct.ric cticrgy is itsccl. 111 tniiity situations in C'iiiintlri ,it. is :itlnttitiigcoiis. to itsc electric cticrgy ittstcitd ot' coiil for steiini riiisittg. Tltc iiist:tllctl citliiicity of electric boilcrs is iiiorc tlinti * For ii rccciib siirvcy ol' tliu iron niid stcrl intliistry i i i Ciiiintlit,
scu A. \', 0. \'ihoii iriitl .I. C!iiHoy, Qiii. .\liiiiiig n r d N o t . lhill., Irnrch, IU:IE, 60.