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The genotoxic effects of 20 pesticides commonly used in India have been evaluated employing the histidine reversion assay (Ames test) in Salmonella strains, in vivo micronuclei test and chromosomal aberration assay in rat bone marrow, chromosomal aberration assays in root meristems and pollen mother cells in Allium cepa, Hordeum vulgare and chlorophyll-deficient mutants in Hordeum vulgare.
Except for captan, no other pesticide elicited positive response in four strains, TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA1535, of S. typhimurium. Supplementation of $9 mix did not affect the results. Most of these pesticides, however, induced chromosomal aberrations both in mammalian and plant systems.
Ekatin, fenitrothion, carbendazim, phorate, anthio, benomyl, metasystox, methylparathion, dimecron and monocrotophos induced dose-dependent micronuclei in bone marrow cells in rats. Ekatin, fenitrothion and dimecron were weakly mutagenic as compared to others. All these pesticides induced a wide spectrum of chromosomal aberrations, including chromatid breaks, minutes, despiralization, pulverization, chromosome duplication, dicentric chromosomes, ring chromosomes and terminal deletions. In most of the cases, the lowest effective concentration was the lowest dose tested, but with ekatin, fenitrothion, metasystox, benomyl and dimecron, the lowest effective dose was either the highest or the middle one. In general, a correspondence between induced micronuclei and chromosomal aberration was observed.
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