Sustainable Water: Resources, Management and Challenges

✍ Scribed by Veera Gnaneswar Gude, Kandiah Ramanitharan, Venkataramana Gadhamshetty

• Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 269
• Series: Water Resource Planning, Development and Management
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

"Population growth, increasing living standards, and rapidly changing climate have resulted in an increasing demand for freshwater, accelerating the water degradation challenges. There is a compelling need to minimize water consumption and develop approaches to effectively manage existing water resources. On a positive note, water resource management strategies discussed in this book present innovative ways to conserve both quality and quantity. Chapter 1 discusses decentralized water management approaches for intervening the urban water cycle to minimize the environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This chapter concludes with a need to use a suite of tools based on decision support systems for managing urban water resources. Chapter 2 discusses the needfor assessing suitability of various types of models for a specific scenario based on the required level of complexity. This chapter discusses in detail the underlying criteria behind model selection, validation, and uncertainty analysis. Urban watersheds can be more challenging compared to natural watersheds. The urban watersheds include parking lots, roads, and developed structures, all of which contribute to a myriad of anthropogenic pollutants through stormwater runoff. Computer-based models can be used to study water quality issues and to develop a plan to manage watershed level resources. Chapter 3 compares pros and cons of the state-of-the-art watershed models used for managing water resources. Numerical simulations can be performed to compare thecurrent and future water quality scenarios of a given watershed and to estimate the impact of potential water resource management strategies. Chapter 4 presents a case study of an urban region in Hanoi, Vietnam. Water evaluation and planning simulation tool was used to predict the trends and drivers of wastewater generation. Considering rapidly changing climate and associated weather impacts, it is critical to secure water resources in addition to dealing with the water quality issues. Chapter 5 suggeststhat climate change models and watershed and precipitation models should be jointly used in order to capture uncertainties in ecological functions, energy and food production and water supply sources. Chapter 6 presents a water use estimation and management tool that examines the effect of climate change and drought conditions on water supplies to ensure adequate buffalo forage. Sustaining both buffalo forage and water supplies during drought conditions requires preparedness and adaptation in response tounfavorable conditions. Finally, water reuse can alleviate the stress on available water resources. For example, effluents from wastewater treatment plants and desalination plants can be treated and reused for managing water crisis. Chapter 7 emphasizes that it is critical to optimize both economical and sustainability parameters during treatment of wastewater effluents and desalination concentrate. In certain cases, valuable metals can be recovered from the concentrate"--

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Integrated Approaches toward Sustainable Urban Water Resources Management
Abstract
Introduction
Water Resource Challenges in Cities
Conventional Water Resource Management
Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM)
Decentralized Water Management
Water Sensitive Urban Design
Application of GIS for Water Resource Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Water Resources Modeling: Model Selection, Validation and Uncertainty Analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Model Types
Different Types of Equations in the Hydrologic System
Mass Balance Equations
Empirical Equations
Analytical Equations
Numerical Equations
Categories of Hydrologic Models
Mass Balance Screening Models
GIS Based Screening Models
Surface Water Models
Subsurface Models
Vadose Zone Models
Groundwater Models
Integrated Watershed Models
Model Selection Process
Introduction
Factors to Consider in Model Selection
Status of Watershed
Regulatory and Environmental Issues
Hydrologic, Chemical, and Physical Processes
Relative Costs of a Model
Information Needs
Pollutant Fate and Transport Processes
Selecting Models that Incorporate the Appropriate Pollutant Transport Mechanisms
Model Parsimony and Transparency
Model Calibration, Validation and Uncertainty Analysis
Introduction
Model Setup
Model Initialization
Model Calibration
Sensitivity Analysis
Model Validation
Model Evaluation
Model Uncertainty
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Computer Tools for Urban Hydrology and Water Quality Management
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of Urban Watershed Models
Model Descriptions
Simple Models/Tools
Complex Models
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
Hydrological Simulation Program--Fortran (HSPF)
Windows Technical Release-55 (TR-55)
MIKE URBAN
The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS)
Urban Volume and Quality (UVQ)
Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation (MUSIC)
Storage, Treatment, Overflow, Runoff Model (STORM)
Source Loading and Management Model (WinSLAMM)
System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN)
Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA)
Watershed Management System (WMS)
New Generation Urban Watershed Models
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Numerical Simulation to Quantify Present Status and Future Prediction of Water Quality of To-Lich River, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Methodology
Study Area
Basic Information Regarding the Model and Data Requirement
Model Setup
Result and Discussions
Precipitation Change
Population Growth
Water Quality
Model Performance Evaluation
Scenario Analyses
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 5
Uncertainties in Water Supplies Due to Changing Climate and Extreme Weather Events
Abstract
Introduction
Impact on Water Availability
Impact on Water Quality
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Nutrients
Micropollutants
Pathogens
Uncertainties in Water Quality
Impact on Drinking Water Production and Supply
Impact on Coagulation
Impact on Disinfection
Risk in Desalination Techniques
Health Impacts
Economic Aspects
Impact on Water Supply for Agriculture and Energy
Agricultural Water Supply
Water Supply for Energy Production
Adaptation to Climate Change and Extreme Weather
Provide Safe Drinking Water
Infrastructure for Better Storage and Distribution
Coherent Policy-Making
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Buffalo Forage and Water Estimation: Management Decisions and Assisting Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments and Drought Management Adaptation
Abstract
Introduction
General Information on Buffalo Management
Literature Review
Forage Demand for Buffalo Management
Water Demand for Buffalo Management
Developed Tools
Results
Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
Introduction
Forage and Water Supply and Demand
Water Development Options
Current Water Options
Proposed Development Options
Recommendations
Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
Introduction
Forage and Water Supply and Demand
Water Quality Response Options
Water Quality Analysis
Reverse Osmosis
4.2.4.2. Ion exchange
4.2.5. Recommendations
4.3. Model Builder Forage Estimator Automated Model
4.3.1. Using the Automated Model to Estimate Forage and Water Supply and Demand
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7
Resource Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a Solution to Water Crisis: A Technological Assessment
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Global Water Crisis and Resource Recovery
1.2. RO Desalination Concentrates – Water Reuse and Resource Recovery Potential
2. RO Desalination
2.1. Basic Theoretical Principles and Operation
3. RO Concentrate Management
3.1. RO Concentrate: Composition and Recoverable Species
3.2. RO Concentrate Resource Recovery Technology
3.2.1. Chemical Precipitation
3.2.2. Adsorption and Ion-Exchange Based Processes
3.2.3. Crystallization and Evaporation-Based Methods
3.2.4. Membrane-Based Methods
3.2.5. Other Miscellaneous Methods
Conclusion
References
Editors Contact Information
Index
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