Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Sustainability of Polymeric Materials
Copyright
Preface
Contents
List of contributors
1. Feasibility of the circular economy and plastic pollution
1.1 Transition from linear to circular economy
1.1.1 The need for a circular economy
1.1.2 Origins of circular economy
1.1.3 Key principles of the circular economy
1.1.4 New business, industry, and consumer models
1.2 The role of polymers in the context of the CE
1.2.1 Traditional polymers: main environmental concerns
1.2.2 CE-inspired strategies for plastics: the role of biopolymers
1.3 Evaluation of sustainability โ the life cycle assessment approach
1.3.1 LCA of biopolymers โ an overview
1.3.2 Biobased polymers
1.3.3 Biodegradable polymers
1.4 Dealing with plastic pollution: the policy-making process
References
2. Impact of plastics on marine environments: from macro- to microplastic pollution
2.1 Diffusion of plastics
2.2 Plastic as pollutant of marine environment
2.3 Microplastics
2.4 Environmental impact of microplastics
References
3. Plastics from bacteria (polyhydroxyalkanoates)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 PHA synthesis
3.3 PHA applications
3.3.1 Food packaging materials
3.3.2 Medical applications
3.3.3 Biofuel
3.3.4 Other industrial applications
3.4 Properties of PHA-based packaging materials
3.4.1 Physical properties
3.4.2 Biodegradability
3.5 PHA-based multiphase materials
3.5.1 Plasticizers
3.5.2 Polymer blends
3.5.3 Multilayer systems
3.5.4 Biocomposites
3.6 Conclusions
References
4. Marine biopolymers: alginate and chitosan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Alginate
4.2.1 Properties of alginate
4.2.2 Gelation of alginate
4.2.3 Application of alginate
4.3 Chitin
4.3.1 Properties of chitin
4.4 Chitosan
4.4.1 Properties of chitosan
4.4.2 Application of chitin and its derivatives
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Terrestrial biopolymers: cellulose, starch, lignin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources
5.2.1 Cellulose
5.2.2 Starch
5.2.3 Lignin
References
6. Biobased thermosetting materials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Unsaturated polyester resins
6.3 Thermosetting polyurethanes
6.3.1 Nonisocyanate polyurethanes
6.4 Epoxy resins
6.5 Phenolic resins
6.6 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
7. Polyester-based biodegradable polymers for commodities
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis
7.2.1 Polycondensation of carboxylic acids or derivatives with alcohols
7.2.2 Polyesters by ring-opening polymerization of lactones and lactides
7.2.3 ROP of lactides
7.3 Degradation of biopolyesters
7.3.1 Photodegradation
7.3.2 Hydrolytic degradation
7.3.3 Thermal degradation
7.3.4 Environmental biodegradation
7.3.5 Composting
7.4 Applications
7.4.1 Food packaging
7.4.2 Fiber and nonwoven
7.4.3 Biomedical applications
References
8. Biobased functional additives for polymers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Protective additives
8.2.1 Antioxidants
8.2.2 Photostabilizers
8.2.3 Heat stabilizers
8.2.4 Flame retardants
8.2.5 Acid scavengers
8.3 Modification of polymer properties and compatibilization
8.3.1 Plasticizers
8.3.2 Impact modifiers
8.3.3 Compatibilizers, coupling agents, and adhesives
8.4 Conclusions
References
9. Biobased structural additives for polymers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Polymer composites
9.3 Biobased fillers in polymer composites
9.4 Chemical and physical treatments in biobased additives
9.5 Techniques for the characterization of composite materials
9.5.1 Mechanical properties
9.5.2 Thermal properties
9.5.3 Water sorption properties
9.5.4 Thermal conductivity, morphology, and electric and surface properties
9.6 Lignocellulosic materials as fillers in biocomposites
9.6.1 Wood
9.6.2 Bamboo
9.6.3 Flax
9.6.4 Jute
9.6.5 Kenaf
9.6.6 Hemp
9.6.7 Pecan nutshell
9.7 Animal origin fibers
9.8 Biodegradability of biocomposite materials
9.9 Conclusions
References
10. Additive manufacturing for biodegradable polymers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Rapid prototyping
10.2.1 Stereolithography
10.2.2 Selective laser sintering
10.2.3 Three-dimensional printing
10.2.4 Fused deposition modeling
10.3 Conclusions
References
Index