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π SIMILAR VOLUMES
We have developed closed cycle liquid helium refrigerators using a Joule Thomson circuit precooled by commercially available two staged Gifford Mac Mahon cryocoolers. The Joule Thomson counterflow heat exchangers are modular and have been thermo-hydraulically characterized. Fully automatic cool down
We describe an adiabatic demagnetization technique requiring no liquid helium, which can be used to reach temperatures in the 1 K range, using a closed-cycle refrigerator and Gd2(SO4)3.8HO as a paramagnetic salt. We started from temperatures in the 1 0 K region and used relatively modest magnetic fi
An a.c. susceptometer of simple design, operating from 4 K to room temperature is described. The sample can be easily replaced and cooled to 4 K in less than 1 h with low helium boil-off. Measuring coils are immersed in the cryogenic bath, so that a serious source of thermal drift voltage is avoided