Surveying with construction applications

✍ Scribed by Kavanagh, Barry F.; Slattery, Dianne K

• Publisher: Pearson
• Year: 2014;2015
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 625
• Series: Always learning
• Edition: 8. ed., Global ed
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The complete, up-to-date guide to modern surveying for construction and engineering -- now with additional review coverage of all relevant math.Known for its state-of-the-art coverage and clear, concise approach,Surveying with Construction Applications, Eighth Editioncovers the latest advances and foundational principles of surveying. Covering both principles and a wide range of contemporary applications, it is well-suited to Fundamentals courses, Applications courses, or both. Revisions focus on recent improvements in instrumentation technology, field data capture, and data processing, describing how these change the way surveyors interact with construction professionals and engineers. The authors emphasize sound measurement technique and accurate documentation throughout. To overcome the limited math skills brought by many new students, they have added an easy-to-read math review chapter, preparing students for all relevant construction layout computations.Teaching and Learning ExperienceThis book will help surveyors master all the modern skills, techniques, and technologies they need to work effectively with construction professionals and engineers:
Thoroughly presents all the general surveying principles and techniques students need:Begins with eleven chapters walking through surveying fundamentals, distance measurement, computations, satellite positioning, geomatics, and much more -- including a brand-new math review chapter for students with limited math background
Links principles and techniques to contemporary applications in the construction of most civil projects:Addresses a wide range of surveying applications, from highways and streets to pipelines, tunnels, bridges, culverts, and buildings
Provides extensive hands-on practice, strong pedagogy, and valuable professional reference resources:Includes updated laboratory exercises, efficient features for review, useful reference appendices, up-to-date web links, and more

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Part I Surveying Principles......Page 16
1.1 Surveying Defined......Page 17
1.2 Surveying: General Background......Page 18
1.4 Preliminary Surveys......Page 19
1.5 Surveying Instruments......Page 20
1.7 Distance Measurement......Page 21
1.9 Position Measurement......Page 24
1.10 Units of Measurement......Page 25
1.11 Stationing......Page 26
1.12 Types of Construction Projects......Page 27
1.14 Accuracy and Precision......Page 28
1.16 Field Notes......Page 30
Review Questions......Page 31
2.1 Unit Conversions......Page 33
2.3 Polygons......Page 37
2.4 Circles......Page 49
2.5 Rectangular Coordinates......Page 51
Problems......Page 53
3.1 Background......Page 58
3.2 Gunter’s Chain......Page 59
3.3 Tapes......Page 60
3.4 Steel Tapes......Page 61
3.5 Taping Accessories and Their Use......Page 63
3.6 Taping Techniques......Page 67
3.8 Systematic Taping Errors and Corrections......Page 71
3.9 Random Taping Errors......Page 75
3.10 Techniques for “Ordinary” Taping Precision......Page 76
3.12 Field Notes for Taping......Page 77
Problems......Page 79
4.2 Theory of Differential Leveling......Page 82
4.3 Types of Surveying Levels......Page 84
4.4 Leveling Rods......Page 88
4.5 Definitions for Differential Leveling......Page 91
4.6 Techniques of Leveling......Page 92
4.7 Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)......Page 95
4.8 Profile and Cross-Section Leveling......Page 96
4.9 Reciprocal Leveling......Page 103
4.10 Peg Test......Page 104
4.11 Three-Wire Leveling......Page 107
4.12 Trigonometric Leveling......Page 109
4.13 Level Loop Adjustments......Page 110
4.14 Suggestions for Rod Work......Page 111
4.15 Suggestions for Instrument Work......Page 112
4.16 Mistakes in Leveling......Page 113
Problems......Page 114
5.1 General Background......Page 121
5.3 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement......Page 122
5.4 EDM Instrument Characteristics......Page 125
5.5 Prisms......Page 126
5.6 EDM Instrument Accuracies......Page 127
5.7 EDM Without Reflecting Prisms......Page 128
Problems......Page 130
6.4 Horizontal Angles......Page 131
6.5 Theodolites......Page 134
6.6 Electronic Theodolites......Page 135
6.8 Theodolite/Total Station Setup......Page 138
6.10 Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station......Page 140
6.11 Laying Off Angles......Page 144
6.12 Prolonging a Straight Line (Double Centering)......Page 146
6.13 Bucking-in (Interlining)......Page 147
6.14 Intersection of Two Straight Lines......Page 148
6.15 Prolonging a Measured Line over an Obstacle by Triangulation......Page 149
6.16 Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle......Page 150
Review Questions......Page 151
7.2 Total Station Capabilities......Page 152
7.3 Total Station Field Techniques......Page 158
7.4 Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys......Page 165
7.5 Field-Generated Graphics......Page 171
7.6 Construction Layout Using Total Stations......Page 173
7.7 Motorized Total Stations......Page 176
7.8 Summary of Modern Total Station Characteristics and Capabilities......Page 183
7.9 Instruments Combining Total Station Capabilities and GPS Receiver Capabilities......Page 184
7.10 Portable/Handheld Total Stations......Page 185
Review Questions......Page 187
8.1 General Background......Page 188
8.2 Balancing Field Angles......Page 190
8.3 Meridians......Page 191
8.4 Bearings......Page 193
8.5 Azimuths......Page 196
8.6 Latitudes and Departures......Page 200
8.7 Traverse Precision and Accuracy......Page 206
8.8 Compass Rule Adjustment......Page 207
8.9 Effects of Traverse Adjustments on Measured Angles and Distances......Page 209
8.10 Omitted Measurement Computations......Page 210
8.11 Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations......Page 211
8.12 Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method......Page 215
Problems......Page 217
9.1 General Background......Page 221
9.2 The U.S. Global Positioning System......Page 225
9.3 Receivers......Page 226
9.4 Satellite Constellations......Page 228
9.5 GPS Satellite Signals......Page 230
9.6 GPS Position Measurements......Page 231
9.7 Errors......Page 239
9.8 Continuously Operating Reference Station......Page 240
9.9 Canadian Active Control System......Page 242
9.10 Survey Planning......Page 243
9.11 GPS Field Procedures......Page 247
9.12 GPS Applications......Page 253
9.13 Vertical Positioning......Page 259
9.15 GPS Glossary......Page 263
9.16 Recommended Readings......Page 264
Review Questions......Page 266
10.2 Introduction to Electronic Surveying......Page 267
10.3 Branches of Geomatics......Page 269
10.4 Data Collection Branch: Preelectronic Techniques......Page 270
10.5 Design and Plotting......Page 277
10.6 Contours......Page 285
10.7 Aerial Photography......Page 293
10.8 Airborne and Satellite Imagery......Page 299
10.9 Remote-Sensing Satellites......Page 310
10.10 Geographic Information System......Page 312
10.11 Database Management......Page 317
10.12 Metadata......Page 318
10.14 Typical Data Representation......Page 319
10.15 Spatial Data Models......Page 321
10.16 GIS Data Structures......Page 323
10.17 Topology......Page 326
10.18 Remote Sensing Internet Resources......Page 328
Problems......Page 329
11.1 General Background......Page 333
11.2 Plane Coordinate Grids......Page 342
11.4 Transverse Mercator Grid......Page 348
11.5 UTM Grid......Page 351
11.6 Horizontal Control Techniques......Page 354
11.7 Project Control......Page 356
Problems......Page 365
II.2 General Background......Page 366
II.3 Grade......Page 367
12.1 General Background......Page 368
12.2 Motorized Total Station Guidance and Control......Page 371
12.3 Satellite Positioning Guidance and Control......Page 373
12.4 Three-Dimensional Data Files......Page 375
12.5 Summary of the 3D Design Process......Page 377
Review Questions......Page 379
13.2 Circular Curves: General Background......Page 380
13.3 Circular Curve Geometry......Page 381
13.4 Circular Curve Deflections......Page 388
13.5 Chord Calculations......Page 390
13.7 Field Procedure (Steel Tape and Theodolite)......Page 391
13.8 Moving up on the Curve......Page 392
13.9 Offset Curves......Page 393
13.10 Compound Circular Curves......Page 401
13.11 Reverse Curves......Page 402
13.12 Vertical Curves: General Background......Page 403
13.13 Geometric Properties of the Parabola......Page 405
13.15 Computing a Vertical Curve......Page 406
13.16 Spiral Curves: General Background......Page 409
13.17 Spiral Curve Computations......Page 411
13.18 Spiral Layout Procedure Summary......Page 416
13.19 Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems......Page 419
13.21 Superelevation Design......Page 421
Problems......Page 423
14.1 Preliminary (Preengineering) Surveys......Page 426
14.2 Highway Design......Page 430
14.3 Highway Construction Layout......Page 432
14.4 Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping Topsoil......Page 436
14.5 Placement of Slope Stakes......Page 437
14.6 Layout for line and Grade......Page 441
14.7 Grade Transfer......Page 443
14.8 Ditch Construction......Page 446
Review Questions......Page 447
15.1 General Background......Page 448
15.2 Classification of Roads and Streets......Page 449
15.5 Plan and Profile......Page 450
15.6 Establishing Centerline......Page 453
15.7 Establishing Offset Lines and Construction Control......Page 455
15.8 Construction Grades for a Curbed Street......Page 458
15.9 Street Intersections......Page 462
15.10 Sidewalk Construction......Page 464
15.11 Site Grading......Page 465
Problems......Page 467
16.1 Pipeline Construction......Page 472
16.2 Sewer Construction......Page 474
16.3 Layout for Line and Grade......Page 476
16.4 Catch-Basin Construction Layout......Page 485
16.5 Tunnel Construction Layout......Page 486
Problems......Page 491
17.2 Culvert Reconstruction......Page 496
17.3 Bridge Construction: General......Page 499
17.4 Contract Drawings......Page 503
17.6 Offset Distance Computations......Page 508
17.7 Dimension Verification......Page 509
17.8 Vertical Control......Page 511
17.9 Cross Sections for Footing Excavations......Page 512
Review Questions......Page 513
18.2 Single-Story Construction......Page 514
18.3 Multistory Construction......Page 525
Review Questions......Page 531
19.1 Construction Quantity Measurements: General Background......Page 532
19.2 Area Computations......Page 533
19.3 Area by Graphical Analysis......Page 540
19.4 Construction Volumes......Page 546
19.5 Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes......Page 548
19.6 Prismoidal Formula......Page 553
19.8 Final (As-Built) Surveys......Page 554
Problems......Page 556
A.1 Geometry of Rectangular Coordinates......Page 559
A.2 Illustrative Problems in Rectangular Coordinates......Page 562
Appendix B Answers to Selected Problems......Page 568
Appendix C Glossary......Page 579
D.1 Field Notes......Page 589
D.2 Project 1: Building Measurements......Page 590
D.3 Project 2: Experiment to Determine “Normal Tension”......Page 591
D.4 Project 3: Field Traverse Measurements with a Steel Tape......Page 593
D.5 Project 4: Differential Leveling......Page 594
D.6 Project 5: Traverse Angle Measurements and Closure Computations......Page 596
D.7 Project 6: Topographic Survey......Page 597
D.8 Project 7: Building Layout......Page 604
D.9 Project 8: Horizontal Curve......Page 605
D.10 Project 9: Pipeline Layout......Page 606
Appendix E Illustrations of Machine Control and of Various Data-Capture Techniques......Page 608
A......Page 610
C......Page 611
D......Page 612
F......Page 613
I......Page 614
M......Page 615
P......Page 616
S......Page 617
T......Page 618
Z......Page 620