Surveying Instruments

✍ Scribed by Fritz Deumlich; Wolfgang Faig

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 1982
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 320
• Edition: Reprint 2010
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Introduction
I. Purpose and Classification of Surveying Instruments
II. History of Surveying Instruments
III. Manufacturers of Surveying Instruments
IV. Standardization
V. Further Developments
VI. Operation and Care of Surveying Instruments
1. Optical Equipment and Level Bubbles
1.1. Optical Equipment
1.1.1. Fundamentals of Optics
1.1.2. Optical Instruments
1.2. Spirit Levels
1.2.1. Tubular Levels
1.2.2. Bull’s Eye Levels
1.2.3. Electronic Levels
1.2.4. Tilt Compensator
2. Instruments for the Determination of Horizontal Projections of Points
2.1. Instruments for Staking Right and Straight Angles
2.1.1. Diopter Instruments
2.1.2. Mirror Instruments
2.1.3. Prism Instruments
2.2. Simple Instruments to Measure and Stake Horizontal Angles
2.2.1. Goniasmometer
2.2.2. Stock Compass
2.3. The Theodolite
2.3.1. Tripod and Support of the Theodolite
2.3.2. Structure of the Theodolite
2.3.3. Overview of Different Theodolite Types
2.3.4. Testing and Adjusting of Theodolites
2.4. Gyro Instruments
2.4.1. Fundamentals of Gyro Instruments
2.4.2. Structure of the Surveying Gyro
2.4.3. Overview of Surveying Gyros
2.4.4. Measurements with Surveying Gyros
2.5. Optical Precision Plummets
2.6. Alignment Instruments
3. Instruments to Measure Elevations and Elevation Differences
3.1. Simple Instruments for Geometric Levelling
3.1.1. Hydrostatic Levels
3.1.2. Pendulum Instruments
3.1.3. Handheld Levels
3.1.4. Horizontal Straight Edge
3.2. Levels
3.2.1. Tripod and Fastening Devices for Levels
3.2.2. Structure of the Level
3.2.3. Overview of Different Types of Levels
3.2.4. Testing and Adjusting of Levels
3.2.5. Level with Inclined Line of Sight
3.2.6. Levelling Rods
3.3. Instruments to Measure Vertical Angles
3.3.1. Simple Instruments to Measure Vertical Angles
3.3.2. The Use of the Theodolite for Vertical Angle Measurements
3.3.3. Sextant
3.4. Instruments for Barometric Levelling
3.4.1. Mercury Barometer (Hg-Barometer)
3.4.2. Aneroid Barometers
3.4.3. Hypsometers
3.5. Fully Automatic Elevation Measuring Devices
4. Instruments for Distance Measurement
4.1. Instruments for Direct (Mechanical) Distance Measurements
4.1.1. Simple Means for Distance Measurements
4.1.2. Auxiliary Devices for Distance Measuring Instruments
4.1.3. Measuring Rods
4.1.4. Measuring Tape
4.1.5. Baseline Measuring Apparatus with Invar Wires or -Tapes
4.2. Instruments and Devices for Optical Distance Measurements
4.2.1. Distance Meters with Base at the Target
4.2.2. Distance Meters with Base at the Station
4.3. Instruments for Electronic Distance Measurements
4.3.1. Principle of Electronic Distance Measurements
4.3.2. Instruments for Distance Measurements with the Impulse Method
4.3.3. Instruments for Distance Measurements with Phase Comparison
4.3.4. Interference Comparator
5. Tacheometric Instruments
5.1. Non Reducing Tacheometers
5.1.1. Stadia Theodolites
5.1.2. Stadia Compasses
5.1.3. Stadia Levels
5.1.4. Tacheometers with Base at the Station
5.2. Self Reducing Tacheometers
5.2.1. Slide Tacheometers
5.2.2. Tacheometers Based on the Tangent Principle
5.2.3. Diagram Tacheometers
5.2.4. Tacheometers with Mechanically Monitored Variable Line Separation
5.2.5. Reduction Tacheometers with Double Image Distance Meter
5.2.6. Self Reducing Tacheometers with Base at the Station
5.2.7. Auxiliary Instruments for Automatic Reduction
5.3. Electronic Tacheometers
5.4. Plane Table and Alidade
5.4.1. Plane Table Equipment
5.4.2. Overview of Plane Table Equipment
5.4.3. Testing and Adjusting of Plane Table Equipment
5.4.4. Topographic Rods
References
Index