Surfactants from Renewable Resources (Wiley Series in Renewable Resource)

✍ Scribed by Mikael Kjellin, Ingegard Johansson

• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 343
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Most modern surfactants are readily biodegradable and exhibit low toxicity in the aquatic environment, the two criteria for green surfactants. However the majority are synthesised from petroleum, so over the past decade the detergent industry has turned its attention to developing greener routes to create these surfactants via renewable building blocks.Surfactants from Renewable Resources presents the latest research and commercial applications in the emerging field of sustainable surfactant chemistry, with emphasis on production technology, surface chemical properties, biodegradability, ecotoxicity, market trends, economic viability and life-cycle analysis.Reviewing traditional sources for renewable surfactants as well as recent advances, this text focuses on techniques with potential for large scale application.Topics covered include: Renewable hydrophobes from natural fatty acids and forest industry by-products Renewable hydrophiles from carbohydrates, amino acids and lactic acid New ways of making renewable building blocks; ethylene from renewable resources and complex mixtures from waste biomass Biosurfactants Surface active polymers This book is a valuable resource for industrial researchers in companies that produce and use surfactants, as well as academic researchers in surface and polymer chemistry, sustainable chemistry and chemical engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Surfactants from Renewable Resources......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Series Preface......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 20
List of Contributors......Page 22
Part 1 Renewable Hydrophobes......Page 24
1.1 Introduction and History......Page 26
1.2 Fats and Oils as Raw Materials......Page 27
1.3 Fatty Acid Soaps......Page 28
1.4 Polyethylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters......Page 33
1.5 Polyglycerol Fatty Acid Esters......Page 34
1.6 Conclusions......Page 36
References......Page 38
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2 Manufacture of Fatty Nitrogen Derivatives......Page 45
2.4 Ecological Aspects......Page 53
2.5 Biodegradation......Page 54
2.6 Properties of Nitrogen-Based Surfactants......Page 56
2.7 Applications......Page 58
2.8 Conclusions......Page 62
References......Page 63
3.1 Introduction......Page 68
3.2 Resin and Fatty Acids......Page 69
3.3 Sterols and Sterol Ethoxylates......Page 77
3.4 Hemicelluloses......Page 79
Acknowledgements......Page 81
References......Page 82
Part 2 Renewable Hydrophiles......Page 86
4.2 Raw Materials......Page 88
4.3 Products and Applications......Page 90
References......Page 104
5.1 Introduction......Page 108
5.2 Production of Raw Materials......Page 109
5.3 Lysine-Based Surfactants......Page 110
5.4 Lactic Acid-Based Surfactants......Page 117
5.5 Ascorbic Acid-Based Surfactants......Page 120
References......Page 123
Part 3 New Ways of Making Renewable Building Blocks......Page 132
6.1 Introduction......Page 134
6.2 Why Produce Ethylene from Renewable Resources?......Page 136
6.3 Production of Ethylene from Renewable Feedstock......Page 138
6.4 Commercialization of Bioethylene......Page 144
6.5 Environmental Impact of Bioethylene......Page 146
6.6 Certificate of Green Carbon Content......Page 147
References......Page 148
7.1 Introduction......Page 150
7.2 Existing and Potential Classes of Surfactants from Biologically Derived Metabolites......Page 152
7.3 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks with Large Existing Markets......Page 154
7.4 New Fermentation-Based Building Blocks......Page 156
References......Page 161
Part 4 Biosurfactants......Page 166
8.1 Introduction......Page 168
8.2 Enzymes as Catalysts for Synthesis of Surfactants......Page 169
8.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Polar Lipids Useful as Surfactants......Page 170
8.4 Carbohydrate Esters......Page 171
8.5 Fatty Amide Surfactants......Page 174
8.6 Amino Acid-Based Surfactants......Page 178
8.7 Alkyl Glycosides......Page 181
8.8 Future Prospects......Page 183
References......Page 184
9.1 Introduction......Page 190
9.2 Surfactants Obtained from Biological Transformation of Waste Biomass......Page 191
9.3 Surfactants Obtained from Chemical Transformation of Waste Biomass......Page 200
References......Page 208
10.2 Sources and Production......Page 214
10.3 Composition......Page 218
10.4 Quality and Analysis of Lecithins......Page 219
10.5 Modification......Page 221
10.6 Emulsifying Properties......Page 226
10.7 Applications......Page 229
10.8 Legislation and Reach......Page 232
References......Page 234
11.1 Sophorolipids......Page 236
11.2 Derivatives of Native Sophorolipids......Page 247
11.3 Biosynthesis of Novel Sophorolipids......Page 250
11.4 Rhamnolipids......Page 253
11.5 Cleaning Applications Using Sophorolipids and Rhamnolipids......Page 257
References......Page 259
12.1 Introduction......Page 262
12.2 Molecular Properties......Page 263
12.4 Saponins as Emulsifiers and Surfactants......Page 265
12.5 Application of Saponins as Surfactants and Emulsifiers......Page 268
References......Page 271
Part 5 Polymeric Surfactants/Surface-Active Polymers......Page 274
13.1 Introduction......Page 276
13.2 Structure and Synthesis of Cellulose Ether......Page 277
13.3 Cellulose Ethers in Aqueous Solution......Page 280
13.4 Interaction with Surfactants......Page 285
13.5 Clouding......Page 286
References......Page 288
14.2 Lignosulfonates......Page 292
14.3 Lignosulfonate Production......Page 294
14.4 Environmental Issues......Page 295
14.5 Lignosulfonates as Stabilizers for Emulsions and Suspoemulsions......Page 297
14.6 Superplasticizers for Concrete......Page 302
14.7 Summary......Page 303
References......Page 304
15.1 Introduction......Page 308
15.2 Solution Properties of Long-Chain Inulin and Hydrophobically Modified Inulin (HMI)......Page 311
15.3 Interfacial Aspects of HMI at Various Interfaces......Page 312
15.4 Emulsions Stabilized Using HMI......Page 313
15.5 Emulsion Polymerization Using HMI......Page 316
15.6 Use of HMI for Preparation and Stabilization of Nanoemulsions......Page 318
References......Page 323
Index......Page 326

✦ Subjects

Химия и химическая промышленность;Физическая и коллоидная химия;Поверхностные явления и дисперсные системы;