Superconducting Materials: Fundamentals, Synthesis and Applications

✍ Scribed by Yassine Slimani (editor), Essia Hannachi (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 406
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book presents an overview of the science of superconducting materials. It covers the fundamentals and theories of superconductivity. Subjects of special interest involving mechanisms of high temperature superconductors, tunneling, transport properties, magnetic properties, critical states, vortex dynamics, etc. are present in the book. It assists as a fundamental resource on the developed methodologies and techniques involved in the synthesis, processing, and characterization of superconducting materials. The book covers numerous classes of superconducting materials including fullerenes, borides, pnictides or iron-based chalcogen superconductors ides, alloys and cuprate oxides. Their crystal structures and properties are described. Thereafter, the book focuses on the progress of the applications of superconducting materials into superconducting magnets, fusion reactors, and accelerators and other superconducting magnets. The applications also cover recent progress in superconducting wires, power generators, powerful energy storage devices, sensitive magnetometers, RF and microwave filters, fast fault current limiters, fast digital circuits, transport vehicles, and medical applications.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Superconductivity Phenomenon: Fundamentals and Theories
1 Introduction
2 Discovery and Chronological Development
2.1 Zero Electrical Resistance (1911)
2.2 Meissner Effect, Perfect Diamagnetism (1933)
2.3 Critical Parameters
2.4 London Theory and Penetration Length (1935)
2.5 Ginzburg-Landau Theory and Coherence Length (1950)
2.6 BCS Theory (1957)
2.7 Flux Quantization and Josephson Effect (1961)
2.8 Towards Room-Temperature Superconductivity
3 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Properties
3.1 Magnetization in Type I and Type II Superconductors
3.2 Classification in Terms of Surface Energy
3.3 Quantized Flux Lines: Vortices
4 Some Latest Advancements
5 Conclusion
References
Transport Properties of Superconducting Materials
1 Introduction
2 Electrical Resistivity
2.1 Normal-State Resistivity
2.2 Magnetoresistivity
2.3 Dissipation Mechanisms and Activation Energy
3 Critical Current Density
3.1 Measurement Method for Jc
3.2 Recent Findings
4 Hall Effect
5 Conclusion
References
Magnetic Properties of Superconducting Materials
1 Introduction
2 Type-1 and Type-2 Superconductors
3 Paramagnetic Meissner Effect
4 Real Magnetization Loops
5 Thermal Activation and Flux Creep
6 Thermal Activation and Flux Creep
7 Effects of Granularity
8 Instability of the Vortex Lattice
9 Magnetism and Superconductivity, Magnetic Superconductors
10 Conclusion
References
Mechanical Properties of Superconducting Materials
1 Introduction
2 Mechanical Properties Measurements
2.1 Hardness Test (HT)
2.2 Compression Test (CT) and Tensile Test (TT)
2.3 Three-Point Bending Tests
2.4 Instrumented Indentation
3 Microhardness and Models
3.1 Meyer’s Theory
3.2 Hays/Kendall Model
3.3 Proportional Specimen Resistance (PSR) Model
3.4 Modified PSR (MPSR) Model
3.5 Elastic/Plastic Deformation (EPD) Model
3.6 Indentation-Induced Cracking (IIC) Model
4 Mechanical Nature of Alloy Superconductors
4.1 Niobium-Titanium Nb–Ti
4.2 A-15 Niobium-Tin Nb3Sn
4.3 Niobium Aluminide (Nb3Al)
5 Mechanical Properties of High Tc Cuprate Superconductors
5.1 BSCCO Superconductor
5.2 REBCO Superconductor
6 Mechanical Properties of Non-cuprate High-Tc Superconductors
6.1 Diboride of Magnesium MgB2
6.2 Iron-Based Superconductors (IBSc)
7 Conclusion
References
Type I and Type II Superconductivity
1 Introduction
2 Introduction to BCS Theory
2.1 Temperature Dependence on Resistivity
2.2 Conductivity in Superconductors
2.3 Origin of BCS Theory
2.4 BCS Theory
2.5 Bose–Einstein Condensation
3 The Meissner Effect
4 Electrical Resistance Versus Critical Temperatures
5 Critical Current Density, Jc
6 Magnetization
6.1 Vortex State
6.2 Flux Pinning
7 London Equations
7.1 Penetration Depth
7.2 Coherence Length
8 Timeline in Superconductivity Discoveries
9 Conclusion
References
Classical Superconductors Materials, Structures and Properties
1 Introduction
2 Superconducting Elements
3 Metallic Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds
3.1 NbN
3.2 NbTi
3.3 A15-Compounds
3.4 Chevrel Phases
3.5 Magnesium Diboride, MgB2
4 Critical Currents and Fields, Conductor Development
4.1 Comparison of Critical Currents and Fields of Different Materials
4.2 Fabrication of Wires for Applications
5 Other Superconducting Materials
5.1 Heavy Fermions
5.2 Borocarbides
5.3 Layered Superconductors
6 New Developments
6.1 New Materials
6.2 High-Entropy Alloys (HEA) Compounds
6.3 Magic-Angle Bi-layered Graphene
6.4 Metal Hydrides Under Pressure
7 Conclusion
References
High-Tc Cuprate Superconductors: Materials, Structures and Properties
1 Introduction
2 Crystal Structures of the Cuprate HTSc Families
2.1 YBCO
2.2 BSCCO Family
2.3 TlBCCO Family
2.4 HgSCCO Family
2.5 RE-214 Family
3 Important Superconducting Properties and Typical Microstructures
4 HTSc Cuprates and Applications
5 Conclusion
References
Noncuprate Superconductors: Materials, Structures and Properties
1 Introduction
2 Low-Tc Superconductors
2.1 Superconducting Elements
2.2 Binary Alloys and Stoichiometric Compounds
3 MgB2 Superconductor
4 Iron-Based Superconductors
5 Nickelate Superconductors
6 Non-Cuprate Oxide Superconductors
6.1 Metal Oxide BKBO
6.2 Some Other Non-Cuprate Oxide Superconductors
7 Organic Superconductors
7.1 Charge Transfer Organic Salts
7.2 Fullerides
8 Chevrel Phases
9 Heavy-Fermion Superconductors
10 Journey to the Room-Temperature Superconductivity
11 Conclusion
References
Design of Cuprate HTS Superconductors
1 Introduction
2 Processing of (RE)BCO via Melt-Growth Approaches
2.1 Fabrication via Top Seeded Melt Growth
2.2 Buffer-Aided TSMG (BA-TSMG) Approach
3 Microstructural Engineering of (RE)BCO Bulks
3.1 Thin-Walled YBCO Bulks—Improved Microstructure
3.2 Processing of (RE)BCO via Infiltration Growth Approach
4 Reinforcement Strategies in (RE)BCO Bulks
4.1 In-Situ Reinforcement Approaches
4.2 Ex-Situ Reinforcement Approaches
5 Novel Applications Employing Bulk Superconducting Materials
5.1 Hybrid Trapped Field Magnetic Lensing (HTFML)
5.2 High-Performance Magnetic Shields
5.3 Bench-Top NMR/MRI with (RE)BCO Bulk Materials
References
Fabrication Technologies of Superconducting Cables and Wires
1 Introduction
2 Usual Requirements for Cables and Wires
2.1 Filaments and Matrix
2.2 Uniformity of Filaments
2.3 Jc and Flux Pinning
2.4 Twisting
2.5 Final Shaping and Cladding
2.6 Mechanical Characteristics
2.7 Performing Cables
2.8 Length
3 Materials for Manufacturing Superconducting Wires and Cables
3.1 Low-Temperature Superconductor (LTS) Materials
3.2 High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS)
4 Conclusion
References
Progress in Superconducting Materials for Powerful Energy Storage Systems
1 Introduction
2 Operation Concept of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES)
2.1 General Description
2.2 Superconducting Coils
2.3 Cryogenic Refrigerator
2.4 Driving Circuit
2.5 Thermal Design and Protection
2.6 Summary of the Main SMES Design Criteria
3 Fundamentals of SMES
3.1 Stored Energy
3.2 Relation Between Nominal Current and Inductance
3.3 Mechanical Constraints
3.4 Parameters Affecting SMES Technology
4 Development of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES)
4.1 LTS Based SMES
4.2 HTS Based SMES
4.3 MgB2 Compound for SMES
5 Advantages and Drawbacks of SMES
6 Comparison with Other Energy Storage Systems
6.1 Comparison with Flywheels
6.2 Comparison with Supercapacitors
6.3 Further Comparison
7 Challenges and Future Developments
7.1 HTS Conductors, Cost, and Refrigeration Issue
7.2 Protection
7.3 Precooling Time
7.4 Size and Infrastructure
7.5 Challenge Related to Integration with Renewables and Hybrid EES
8 Applications of SMES
8.1 Frequency Regulation
8.2 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
8.3 Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
8.4 Electromagnetic Launchers
8.5 Load Leveling
8.6 Circuit Breaker Reclosing
8.7 Microgrid and Electrical Vehicle
9 Different SMES Scales: Some Examples
9.1 Large Scale SMES
9.2 Medium Scale SMES
9.3 Micro Scale SMES
10 Conclusion
References
Rotating Machines Based on Superconducting Materials
1 Introduction
2 Simulation Methods Used in Design of Superconducting Machinery
2.1 Electromagnetic Analysis of Superconducting Model Generators
3 Stator AC Loss of Whole Superconducting Generators
3.1 Electromagnetic Analysis of Synchronous Generators in the Order of MW, Whose Rotor Consists of Permanent Magnets and Stator Windings of Superconducting Coils
3.2 Thermal Analysis of MW Order Superconducting Synchronous Generators
3.3 Magneto-mechanical Analysis of Superconducting Model Generators
4 Conclusion
References
RF and Microwave Applications of High Temperature Superconductors
1 Introduction
2 MW Screening Features
3 Benefits of SC for Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave (MW) Applications
3.1 Low-Loss Characteristics at MW Frequencies
3.2 Superconducting Kinetic Inductance
3.3 Dispersion of Close to Zero for SC Transmission Lines
3.4 Compact SC Structures
3.5 Macroscopic and Microscopic Quantum Phenomena
4 Superconducting Microwave Technologies
4.1 Superconducting Microwave Resonators
4.2 Superconducting Detectors and Mixers
4.3 Microwave Filter
4.4 Superconducting Amplifier
4.5 Superconducting Antenna
5 Limitations of Superconducting Technology and Future Directions
6 Conclusion
References