Sub-Terahertz Sensing Technology for Biomedical Applications (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering)

✍ Scribed by Shiban Kishen Koul, Priyansha Kaurav

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 289
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book offers the readers an opportunity to acquire the concepts of artificial intelligence (AI) enabled sub-THz systems for novel applications in the biomedical field. The readers will also be inspired to contextualize these applications for solving real life problems such as non-invasive glucose monitoring systems, cancer detection and dental imaging. The introductory section of this book focuses on existing technologies for radio frequency and infrared sensing in biomedical applications, and their limited use in sensing applications, as well as the advantages of using THz technology in this context. This is followed by a detailed comparative analysis of THz electronics technology and other conventional electro optic THz setups highlighting the superior efficiency, affordability and portability of electronics-based THz systems. The book also discusses electronic sub-THz measurement systems for different biomedical applications. The chapters elucidate two major applications where sub-THz provides an edge over existing state of the art techniques used for non-invasive measurement of blood glucose levels and intraoperative assessment of tumor margins. There is a detailed articulation of an application of leveraging machine learning for measurement systems for non-invasive glucose concentration measurement. This helps the reader relate to the output in a more user-friendly format and understand the possible use cases in a more lucid manner. The book is intended to help the reader learn how to build tissue phantoms and characterize them at sub-THz frequencies in order to test the measurement systems. Towards the end of the book, a brief introduction to system automation for biomedical imaging is provided as well for quick analysis of the data. The book will empower the reader to understand and appreciate the immense possibilities of using electronic THz systems in the biomedical field, creating gateways for fueling further research in this area.​

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
1 Terahertz Spectrum in Biomedical Engineering
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Terahertz Biomedical Applications
1.2.1 Terahertz in Medical Diagnostics
1.2.2 Terahertz in Imaging
1.2.3 Terahertz in Treatment
1.3 Terahertz Instrumentation: From Photonics to Electronics
1.3.1 Terahertz Photonics Devices and Techniques
1.3.2 Terahertz Electronic Devices and Techniques
1.4 Artificial Intelligence in Sub-Terahertz Bioelectronics
1.5 Scope of the Book
References
2 Electronic Sub-Terahertz VNA Measurement Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Terahertz VNA
2.2.1 Scattering Parameters
2.3 Generic VNA Architecture
2.4 Terahertz VNA Architecture
2.4.1 Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Frequency Translation Using Extenders
2.4.2 Terahertz VNA Performance
2.5 Terahertz VNA Calibration
2.5.1 Calibration Techniques
2.6 Sub-Terahertz VNA Measurement Systems for Permittivity Estimation
2.6.1 Nicolson-Ross-Weir Technique
2.6.2 Quasi-Optical Free-Space Permittivity Measurement
2.6.3 Open-Waveguide Probe for Viscous Liquid Permittivity Estimation
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Biological Tissue Interaction with Sub-Terahertz Wave
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy
3.2.1 Dielectric Polarization
3.2.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy Parameter: Complex Permittivity
3.2.3 Frequency Response of Dielectric Mechanisms
3.2.4 Relaxation Theory
3.3 Dielectric Characterization of Water in Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Regime
3.3.1 Relaxation Models of Water
3.4 Dielectric Characterization of Biological Solution Using Terahertz Hydration
3.5 Effective Medium Theory
3.5.1 Maxwell Garnett Model
3.5.2 Bruggeman Model
3.5.3 Landau-Lifshitz-Looyenga Model
3.5.4 Polder and Van Santen Model for Ellipsoidal Particles
3.6 Dielectric Constant of Biological Materials in Sub-Terahertz Spectrum
3.6.1 Dielectric Spectra of Saccharide Solutions
3.6.2 Dielectric Spectra of Blood
3.6.3 Dielectric Spectra of Protein Solutions
3.6.4 Dielectric Spectra of Biological Tissues
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Non-invasive Sub-Terahertz Blood Glucose Measurement
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Non-ionizing Blood Glucose Measurement Techniques Using EM Waves
4.2.1 Penetration Depth of the EM Wave with Respect to Frequency
4.2.2 Performance Evaluation Parameters
4.2.3 ISO 15197: Accuracy Assessment Standard
4.2.4 Non-invasive Glucose Measurements Using Intrinsic Properties of Glucose
4.2.5 Non-invasive Glucose Measurements Using Dielectric Properties of Tissue
4.3 Sub-Terahertz Spectrum for Non-invasive Evaluation of Glucose Levels
4.3.1 Penetration Depth of Sub-Terahertz Wave Inside Blood Tissue
4.3.2 Dielectric Properties of Glucose with Variable Concentration in Sub-Terahertz Spectrum
4.4 Tissue Phantom Models for Glucose Concentration Measurements
4.4.1 Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms
4.4.2 Phantoms for Non-invasive Glucose Concentration Analysis
4.5 Non-invasive Sub-Terahertz Glucose Concentration Measurement Setup
4.5.1 Measurement Using Reflection Properties of Sub-Terahertz Wave
4.5.2 Measurement Using Transmission Properties of Sub-Terahertz Wave
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Breast Tumor Margin Assessment Using Sub-Terahertz Wave
5.1 Breast-Conserving Surgery
5.1.1 Histopathological Assessment of Excised Tissue
5.2 Intraoperative Tumor Margin Assessment
5.2.1 Criteria for Developing Intraoperative Tumor Margin Assessment Technology
5.3 Current Intraoperative Techniques for Breast Tumor Margin Assessment
5.3.1 Pathology
5.3.2 Nuclear Medicine: Positron Emission Tomography
5.3.3 Electromagnetic Imaging
5.4 EM Interaction of Excised Breast Tissue in Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Bands
5.4.1 Breast Tissues Characterization in Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Frequency Bands
5.4.2 Excised Breast Tissue Phantoms
5.5 Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Imaging for Breast Tumor Margin Classification
5.5.1 Photonics-Based Terahertz Imaging System
5.5.2 Electronics-Based Terahertz Imaging System
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Sub-Terahertz and Terahertz Waves for Skin Diagnosis and Therapy
6.1 Overview of Skin Cancer
6.1.1 Types and Stages of Melanoma
6.1.2 Skin Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
6.2 Advanced Skin Cancer Diagnostic Techniques
6.2.1 Multispectral Imaging
6.2.2 Electrical Bioimpedance
6.2.3 High-Frequency Ultrasound
6.2.4 Optical Coherence Tomography
6.2.5 Confocal Microscopy
6.2.6 Raman Spectroscopy
6.3 Interaction of Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Radiation with Human Skin
6.3.1 Dielectric Models
6.3.2 N-Layered Interaction Models of Skin
6.4 Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Imaging for Skin Cancer Detection
6.4.1 Non-melanoma Skin Cancer Imaging
6.4.2 Melanoma Skin Cancer Imaging
6.5 Therapeutic Applications of Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Radiation on the Skin
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Machine Learning and Biomedical Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Technology
7.1 Machine Learning in Biomedical Engineering
7.2 ML Algorithms
7.3 Supervised Learning
7.3.1 Steps in Supervised Learning Models
7.3.2 Algorithms in Supervised Learning Model
7.4 Unsupervised Learning
7.4.1 Cluster Analysis
7.4.2 Principal Component Analysis
7.5 Performance Metrics of ML Algorithms
7.5.1 Regression Performance Metrics
7.5.2 Classification Performance Metrics
7.6 Performance Evaluation Techniques
7.6.1 Holdout Evaluation Technique
7.6.2 Cross-Validation Evaluation Technique
7.7 ML in Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Technology
7.7.1 ML in Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Biomedical Signal Processing
7.7.2 ML in Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Biomedical Image Analysis
7.8 Conclusion
References
8 Automation in Sub-Terahertz/Terahertz Imaging Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Automation in Data Acquisition
8.2.1 Motorized Stages
8.2.2 Robotics Arms
8.3 MATLAB Based Terahertz VNA Automation
8.4 Automation in Data Processing
8.5 Conclusion
References
Appendix A Modified Newton Raphson Method
Appendix B Relation Between Complex Permittivity and Complex Refractive Index
Appendix C MATLAB Code for Establishing a Connection Between VNA and PC
References
Index