Structured Fluids: Polymers, Colloids, Surfactants

✍ Scribed by Witten T.A., Pincus P.A.

• Publisher: OUP
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 231
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Over the last thirty years, the study of liquids containing polymers, surfactants, or colloidal particles has developed from a loose assembly of facts into a coherent discipline with substantial predictive power. These liquids expand our conception of what condensed matter can do. Such structured-fluid phenomena dominate the physical environment within living cells. This book teaches how to think of these fluids from a unified point of view showing the far-reaching effects of thermal fluctuations in producing forces and motions. Keeping mathematics to a minimum, the book seeks the simplest explanations that account for the distinctive scaling properties of these fluids. An example is the growth of viscosity of a polymer solution as the cube of the molecular weight of the constituent polymers. Another is the hydrodynamic radius of a colloidal aggregate, which remains comparable to its geometrical radius even though the density of particles in the aggregate becomes arbitrarily small. The book aims for a simplicity, unity and depth not found in previous treatments, and includes numerous figures, tables and problems. It will be an ideal textbook for teaching undergraduates in physical science how to understand soft matter, but will also be of interest to industrial scientists, who want to gain a broader understanding of soft matter systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2.1 Self-organization......Page 17
1.2.2 Rheology......Page 19
1.2.3 Scaling......Page 20
1.3.1 Colloids......Page 21
1.3.3 Polymers......Page 22
1.3.4 Surfactant assemblies......Page 24
1.3.5 Association......Page 25
References......Page 26
2.1.1 Thermal equilibrium......Page 28
2.1.2 Probability and work......Page 32
2.1.3 Lattice gas......Page 37
2.1.4 Approach to equilibrium......Page 39
2.2 Magnitude of a liquid’s response......Page 42
2.3.1 Macroscopic responses......Page 46
2.3.2 Probes of spatial structure......Page 49
2.3.3 Probes of atomic environment......Page 53
Solution to Problem 2.1......Page 54
References......Page 55
3.1 Types of polymers......Page 56
3.1.1 Monomers......Page 57
3.1.2 Architecture......Page 58
3.1.3 Polymerization......Page 60
3.2 Random-walk polymer......Page 62
3.2.1 End-to-end probability......Page 63
3.3 Interior structure......Page 69
3.3.1 Scattering......Page 71
3.4 Self-avoidance and self-interaction......Page 76
3.4.1 Local and global avoidance......Page 77
3.4.2 Estimating D......Page 79
3.4.3 Self-interaction and solvent quality......Page 82
3.4.4 Universal ratios......Page 87
3.4.5 Polyelectrolytes......Page 88
Appendix A: Dilation symmetry......Page 90
Appendix B: Polymeric solvents and screening......Page 94
References......Page 97
4.1 Dilute solutions......Page 98
4.2 Semidilute solutions......Page 100
4.2.1 Structure......Page 101
4.2.2 Energy......Page 102
4.3.1 Brownian motion of a sphere......Page 105
4.3.2 Intrinsic viscosity......Page 109
4.3.3 Polymer in dilute solution: hydrodynamic opacity......Page 111
4.3.5 Hydrodynamic screening......Page 113
4.3.6 Semidilute diffusion......Page 114
4.3.7 Semidilute self-diffusion without entanglement......Page 117
4.3.8 Motion with entanglements......Page 118
4.3.9 Stress relaxation and viscosity......Page 120
Appendix A: Origin of the Oseen tensor......Page 124
Solution to Problem 4.5 (Deriving permeability)......Page 125
References......Page 126
5 Colloids......Page 128
5.1.1 Induced-dipole interactions......Page 129
5.1.2 Solid bodies......Page 131
5.1.3 Perturbation-Attraction Theorem......Page 132
5.1.4 Depletion forces......Page 135
5.2 Repulsive forces......Page 137
5.2.1 Steric stabilization......Page 138
5.2.2 Electrostatic stabilization......Page 142
5.3.1 Colloidal crystals......Page 147
5.3.2 Lyotropic liquid crystals......Page 148
5.3.4 Anisotropic interactions......Page 149
5.4 Colloidal motion......Page 150
5.4.1 Electrophoresis......Page 151
Appendix A: Perturbation attraction in a square-gradient medium......Page 152
Appendix B: Colloidal aggregates......Page 154
References......Page 164
6.1 Probes of an interface......Page 166
6.2.1 Interfacial energy......Page 168
6.2.2 Contact angle......Page 171
6.2.3 Wetting dynamics......Page 173
6.2.4 Surface heterogeneity......Page 174
6.2.5 Other interfacial flows......Page 175
6.3 Solutes and interfacial tension......Page 176
6.3.1 Fluid mixtures......Page 177
6.4.1 Polymer adsorption......Page 178
6.4.2 Concentration profile......Page 180
6.4.3 Hard wall......Page 182
6.4.6 Flow......Page 183
References......Page 186
7.1 Introduction......Page 188
7.2 Mixing principles......Page 189
7.2.2 Additivity......Page 190
7.2.4 Reciprocity......Page 191
7.2.7 Effect of charges: ionic separation......Page 192
7.3 Surfactant molecules......Page 193
7.4 Surfactants in solution: micelles......Page 195
7.4.1 Open aggregation: wormlike micelles......Page 197
7.4.3 Aggregation kinetics......Page 200
7.5 Micelle interaction......Page 201
7.5.1 Energy of two-dimensional micelles......Page 203
7.5.2 Energy to confine a fluctuating membrane......Page 206
7.6 Mixing immiscible liquids: microemulsions......Page 207
7.6.1 Interfacial tension......Page 210
7.6.2 Emulsions and foams......Page 212
7.7 Amphiphilic polymers......Page 213
7.7.1 Micelle size......Page 214
7.7.2 Other copolymers......Page 216
7.7.3 Polymeric amphiphiles in solution......Page 217
7.8 Dynamics and rheology......Page 218
7.8.1 Wormlike entanglement and relaxation......Page 219
7.8.2 Rheology of lamellar solution......Page 221
7.8.3 Shear-induced restructuring......Page 222
Appendix: Gauss–Bonnet Theorem......Page 225
References......Page 226
D......Page 228
L......Page 229
R......Page 230
Z......Page 231