To improve the understanding of the functional requirements of trabecular bone substitutes, the structurefunction relationships of coralline hydroxyapatite were determined and compared to those of trabecular bone from a variety of anatomic sites. Mechanical properties and permeability of cylindrical coralline hydroxyapatite specimens were measured and related to various morphological parameters that were obtained from analysis of high-resolution (20 m) computer reconstructions of each specimen. Results indicated the average (Β±SD) Young's modulus (2900 Β± 1290 MPa, n = 20) and permeability (0.50 Β± 0.19 Γ 10 -9 m 2 , n = 21) of the coralline hydroxyapatite were within the range of values exhibited by high density trabecular bone; ultimate stress (5.87 Β± 1.92 MPa, n = 13), while in the range of middensity trabecular bone, was low considering its high vol-ume fraction (31.3 Β± 1.9%, n = 49); and ultimate strain (0.22 Β± 0.03%, n = 13) was much lower than that of trabecular bone from any anatomic site. The only correlation found between mechanical and morphological parameters was between Young's modulus and "fabric" (a scalar measure of architecture that combined the degree of microstructural anisotropy with orientation). These results provide insight into the in vivo performance of this implant, as well as the biomechanical requirements for successful trabecular bone substitutes in general.