Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: Principles and Practices

✍ Scribed by Yasushi Nagata (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 320
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The second edition of the well-received book updates the knowledge of clinical treatment, radiobiology, physics, and instrumentations to provide a comprehensive description of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Clinical aspects include indications and prescriptions for diseases treated with SBRT and clinical trial details. The chapters associated with physics cover quality assurance, patient immobilization devices, respiratory motion management, and treatment planning. It also illustrates the latest devices and provides know-how for safe and reliable treatment that differs from conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. In this second edition, the future of SBRT using artificial intelligence in the post-COVID-19 world also discussed.

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy 2nd Edition - Principles and Practices enrich the readers' understanding of patient-friendly cancer care. Radiation oncologists, medical physicists, medical dosimetrists, radiation therapists, senior nurses, medical oncologists, and surgical oncologists interested in radiotherapy will benefit from this practical guide. Since the last edition, there has been significant progress in the field, and the book renews the facts and evidence based on cutting-edge research.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction and History of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Intracranial Radiosurgery
1.3 Principles and Methods
1.4 Dose Fractionation and Normal Tissue Dose Constraints
1.5 Terminology
1.6 Survey of SBRT in Japan and Its Current Status
References
Part II: Basic Principles
Chapter 2: Radiobiology of Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 More Than DNA Damage Is Involved in The Cell Death by High-Dose Hypofractionated Radiotherapy
2.3 Effect of High-Dose Hypofractionated Irradiation on Tumor Vasculatures and TME
2.4 Vascular Damages by High-Dose Hyperfractionated Irradiation
2.5 Indirect Cell Death Due to Vascular Damages
2.6 Immunologic Effects of SABR
2.7 The 5Rs and Fractionation in SABR
2.7.1 Reoxygenation of Hypoxic Cells
2.7.2 Repair of Sublethal Radiation Damage in Tumor Cells
2.7.3 Redistribution of Cells in Cell Cycle Phase
2.7.4 Repopulation of Tumor Cells
2.7.5 Radiosensitivity of Tumor Cells
2.8 The Linear Quadratic Model in SABR
2.9 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Physics of SBRT
3.1 Electromagnetic Wave: X-Rays, Gamma Rays
3.2 Interactions of Photons with Matter
3.2.1 Photoelectric Effect
3.2.2 Compton Scattering
3.2.3 Pair Production
3.3 Photon Flux in Matter
3.4 Energy Deposition by Incident Photons to Matter
3.5 Energy Spectrum and Dose Distribution of Therapeutic X-Rays from a Linear Accelerator (Linac)
References
Chapter 4: Quality Assurance in SBRT
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physics QA in SBRT
4.2.1 Staffing and Equipment
4.2.2 Facility-Based Physics QA
4.2.2.1 Commissioning
4.2.2.2 Simulation
4.2.2.3 Planning
4.2.2.4 RMM
4.2.2.5 IGRT
4.2.2.6 Third Parity Evaluation
4.2.3 Multifacility-Based Physics QA
4.2.3.1 Physical QA in Clinical Trials
4.2.3.1.1 Credentialing
4.2.3.1.2 Individual Case Review
4.2.3.2 Secondary Analysis
4.3 Perspective of Physics QA for SBRT
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Patient Immobilization, IGRT, Respiratory Motion Management
5.1 Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
5.1.1 Objective of IGRT
5.1.2 Uncertainties in IGRT
5.1.3 IGRT Devices and Methods
5.2 Patient Immobilization
5.2.1 Objective of Patient Immobilization
5.2.2 Immobilization Devices
5.2.3 Setup Accuracy Using Immobilization Devices
5.2.4 Influence on Dose Distribution
5.3 Respiratory Motion Management
5.3.1 Objective of Respiratory Motion Management
5.3.2 RPM Methods
5.3.3 Evaluation of RPM
References
Chapter 6: Dose Calculation Algorithm
6.1 Basics of Dose Calculation Algorithm
6.1.1 Model-Based Algorithm
6.1.1.1 Convolution-Superposition Algorithm
6.1.1.2 Analytical Anisotropic Dose Calculation Algorithm
6.1.2 MC and GBBS
6.1.3 Medium of Dose Deposition and Radiation Transport
6.2 Comparison of Dose Calculation Algorithms for SBRT
6.2.1 Issues in Clinical Cases with Low-Density Material
6.2.2 Issues in Clinical Cases with High-Density Material
6.2.3 Impact of Dose Prescription
6.2.4 Impact of Dose Grid Size
6.3 Recommendations
References
Chapter 7: Treatment Planning
7.1 Respiratory Motion
7.2 Patient Fixation
7.3 Computed Tomography and Determination of Internal Target Volume
7.3.1 Computed Tomography Slice Thickness
7.3.2 Respiratory Motion Management
7.3.2.1 Inhibition of Respiratory Motion by Abdominal Compression
7.3.2.1.1 Inhale/Exhale Breath-Hold Computed Tomography
7.3.2.1.2 Slow Computed Tomography
7.3.2.1.3 Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography
7.3.2.2 Breath-Holding
7.3.2.3 Respiratory-Gating and Real-Time Tumor Tracking
7.4 Targeting
7.4.1 Gross Tumor Volume and Clinical Target Volume
7.4.2 ITV or iGTV
7.4.3 PTV
7.5 Beam Arrangement
7.6 Beam Energy
7.7 Dose Calculation
7.8 Normal Tissue Dose Tolerance
7.9 Treatment Plan Reporting
References
Part III: Clinical Applications
Chapter 8: Lung: Peripheral
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Japanese Experience
8.3 Western Countries Studies
8.4 Phase III Study
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Lung: Central
9.1 Centrally and Ultra-Centrally Located Lung Tumors
9.2 Fatal Toxicity
9.3 Treatment Outcomes
9.4 Treatment Planning
References
Chapter 10: Lung: Toxicities
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Toxicities by Sites
10.2.1 Lung
10.2.1.1 Clinical Manifestations
10.2.1.2 Dose Constraints
10.2.2 Heart
10.2.2.1 Clinical Manifestations
10.2.2.2 Dose Constraints
10.2.3 Brachial Plexus
10.2.3.1 Clinical Manifestations
10.2.3.2 Dose Constraints
10.2.4 Central Airways
10.2.4.1 Clinical Manifestations
10.2.4.2 Dose Constraints
10.2.5 Esophagus
10.2.5.1 Clinical Manifestations
10.2.5.2 Dose Constraints
10.2.6 Great Vessels
10.2.6.1 Dose Constraints
10.2.7 Chest Wall and Ribs
10.2.7.1 Clinical Manifestations
10.2.7.2 Dose Constraints
10.2.8 Skin
10.2.8.1 Clinical Manifestations
10.2.8.2 Dose Constraints
10.3 Considerations on Re-irradiation
10.4 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Liver
11.1 Etiology and Epidemiology
11.2 External-Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)
11.3 Dose Prescription
11.4 Number and Size
11.5 Dose Constraints: Liver
11.6 Dose Constraints: GI Tract
11.7 Clinical Results of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
11.8 Comparison of Outcomes by Treatment Modalities
11.9 Application of SBRT/EBRT to Advanced Lesions
11.10 CT Appearance of Tumor Response After SBRT
11.11 Summary—Eligibility of SBRT for HCC
References
Chapter 12: Kidney
12.1 Reasons Why SBRT Is Receiving Attention for Renal Cancer Therapy
12.1.1 Renal Cancer Shows Lower α/β Compared to Other Cancers
12.1.2 RCC Has Traditionally Been Considered to be Radio-Resistant
12.1.3 After Removal of the Affected Kidney, Recurrence of Cancer Frequently Occurs in the Remaining Kidney, and the Patient Is Forced to Undergo Dialysis After the Second Nephrectomy.
12.1.4 An Increase of Abscopal Effect Can Be Expected After a Single Irradiation with a High Dose, and the Effect May Be Further Enhanced by Combined Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
12.2 Techniques of SBRT for RCC
12.3 Problems in Planning SBRT for Renal Cancer
12.4 Examples of SBRT for RCC
12.5 Results of SBRT for RCC
12.6 Comparison with Other Therapeutic Modalities
12.7 Summary and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 13: Spine
13.1 Overview of Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)
13.2 Patient Selection
13.3 Methodology
13.3.1 Planning Images
13.3.1.1 Treatment Planning Computed Tomography (CT)
13.3.1.2 MRI
13.3.2 Contouring
13.3.2.1 Target Volume Definition
13.3.2.2 Defining Organs-at-Risk
13.3.3 Optimal Dose Fractionation Schedule
13.3.4 Optimizing the Target Dose Distribution
13.3.5 Dose Constraints
13.3.5.1 Spinal Cord and Cauda Equina
13.3.5.2 Esophagus
13.3.6 MESCC
13.3.6.1 Treatment Strategy
13.3.6.2 Separation Surgery
13.3.7 Follow-Up
13.3.7.1 Evaluation of LC
13.3.7.2 Evaluation of Pain Response
13.3.8 Adverse Effects
13.3.8.1 Pain Flare
13.3.8.2 Pharyngeal and Esophageal Toxicity
13.3.8.3 VCF
13.3.8.4 Radiation Myelopathy
References
Chapter 14: Oligomets
14.1 Definition of Oligometastatic Disease
14.1.1 Classification of OMD
14.1.2 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
14.1.3 Clinical Trials for De Novo OMD (Synchronous OMD, Metachronous OMD) with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
14.1.4 Clinical Trials for Induced OMD and Repeat OMD with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
14.1.5 Ongoing Trials for OMD with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
14.2 Breast Cancer
14.2.1 Clinical Trials for OMD with Breast Cancer
14.2.2 Ongoing Trials for OMD with Breast Cancer
14.3 Prostate Cancer
14.3.1 Clinical Trials for OMD with Prostate Cancer
14.3.2 Ongoing Trials for OMD with Prostate Cancer
14.4 OMD with Other Primary Cancers
14.4.1 Clinical Trials for OMD with Other Primary Cancers
14.5 OMD in Mixed Primaries
14.5.1 Clinical Trials for OMD with Mixed Primaries
14.5.2 Ongoing Trials for OMD with Mixed Primaries
14.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Other Indications
15.1 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Prostate Cancer
15.1.1 Treatment Strategy
15.1.2 Treatment Techniques
15.1.3 Clinical Outcomes
15.1.4 Future Directions
15.2 SBRT for Pancreatic Cancer
15.2.1 Treatment Strategy
15.2.2 Treatment Techniques
15.2.3 Clinical Outcomes
15.3 SBRT for Adrenal Gland Tumor
15.3.1 Treatment Strategy
15.3.2 Clinical Outcomes
15.4 SBRT for Head and Neck Cancer
15.4.1 Treatment Strategy
15.4.2 Clinical Outcomes
15.5 SBRT for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
References
Part IV: Development of Machines
Chapter 16: Vero4DRT System and Dynamic Tumor Tracking SBRT
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Specification of the Vero4DRT
16.3 History of the Development
16.4 Physics Evaluation and Clinical Application
16.4.1 Physics Evaluation
16.4.2 Initial Clinical Application
16.4.3 Dynamic Tumor Tracking SBRT
16.5 Summary
References
Chapter 17: Real-Time Tumor-Tracking Radiotherapy (RTRT), SyncTraX
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Physical Aspects and Clinical Application of the RTRT System
17.3 Method of Gold Marker Insertion
17.3.1 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
17.3.2 Liver and Prostate
17.4 CT Acquisition and Treatment Planning
17.5 Clinical Results
17.5.1 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
17.5.2 Hepatocellular Carcinomas
17.5.3 Other Tumors
17.6 Marker Movement Analysis
17.7 Future Directions
17.8 Summary
References
Chapter 18: CyberKnife®
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Xsight® Spine Tracking
18.3 Fiducial Marker Tracking
18.4 Synchrony Respiratory Motion Tracking System
18.5 Xsight® Lung Tracking
18.6 Summary
References
Chapter 19: Tomotherapy
19.1 General
19.2 Beam Model
19.2.1 Common Model
19.2.2 Machine-Specific Model
19.3 Treatment Planning
19.4 Quality Assurance
19.5 Synchrony®
19.6 Practicality of SBRT
References
Chapter 20: MR-LINAC: Elekta Unity
20.1 Introduction
20.2 History of Unity
20.3 Characteristics of Unity
References
Chapter 21: ViewRay MR-Linac
21.1 Machine Specification
21.2 Patient Positioning
21.3 Gated Radiotherapy
21.4 Online Adaptive Radiotherapy
21.5 Offline Adaptive Radiotherapy
21.6 Commissioning
21.7 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) in Lung Cancer
21.8 Safety Control and Quality Management
21.9 Machine Installation
References
Part V: Future Perspectives
Chapter 22: Future of SBRT with AI (Artificial Intelligence)
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Application of AI for SBRT
22.2.1 Auto-segmentation
22.2.2 Auto-Planning and Synthetic Image
22.2.3 Automated QA
22.2.4 Outcome Prediction
References
Chapter 23: Future of SBRT with Photon and Charged Particles
23.1 FLASH Radiotherapy (FLASH-RT)
23.2 Combination with Systemic Therapy
23.3 Assessment of Recurrence Risk
23.4 New Indications for SBRT
23.5 Charged Particle: Proton and Carbon
23.6 Future Perspectives on Charged Particle Therapy Technology
References
Index