Stem cells: From Potential to Promise

✍ Scribed by Khawaja Husnain Haider (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 285
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book highlights the therapeutic applications of various stem cells, and introduces readers to thymus stem cells and their applications in the reconstitution of thymic structure and function. It also discusses the significant role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the use of MSC-derived exosomes in cell-free therapy. Moreover, it explores the application of hematopoietic stem cells in the vasculoprotection of the ischemially injured heart. Further topics include the regenerative potential of ovarian germline stem cells and the significance of endometrial stem cells in the pathogenesis of female reproductive tract diseases.

Lastly, the book addresses stem cells from perinatal tissues and their immunoregulatory and differentiation potentials, and summarizes new strategies for targeting cancer stem cells to treat tumors.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
About the Editor
1: Imaging Stem Cell-Based Myocardial Vasculoprotection
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Myocardial Infarction Is a Significant Global Burden
1.1.2 The Coronary Microcirculation in Myocardial Infarction: Culprit and Victim
1.2 Experimental Imaging of the Cardiac Microcirculation: 70 Years in the Making
1.3 Haematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells: Recruitment and Repair Mechanisms
1.4 Haematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells for Myocardial Infarction
1.5 HSPCs for Myocardial Infarction: The Debate Goes on!
1.6 HSPCs for Coronary Vasculoprotection: Missing a Trick?
1.7 Conclusions
References
2: Stem Cells of the Thymus
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cell Architecture of Thymus
2.3 The Thymic Stem Cells
2.3.1 Thymic Epithelial Stem Cells
2.3.2 Thymic Mesenchymal Stem Cells
2.3.3 Thymic Lymphoid Stem Cells
2.4 Intrathymic Cytokine Network
2.5 Radioresistant Thymic Cells and Thymocyte Growth Factor (THGF)
2.5.1 Producers of THGF
2.5.2 Biology of THGF
2.5.3 Target Cells for THGF
2.5.4 Long-Lived TGHF-Dependent Thymic Cell Cultures
2.5.5 Radiation-Induced Growth of Thymic Cells
2.5.6 THGF and Intrathymic Cytokines
2.6 Thymus Reconstitution Strategies and Key Challenges
References
3: Characteristic and Regenerative Potential of Human Endometrial Stem Cells and Progenitors
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Uterine Stem Cell History
3.1.2 Classification of Stem Cells in the Uterus
3.2 Characterization of Stem Cell Populations
3.2.1 Regenerative Characteristic of Uterus Stem Cells
3.3 Mechanism of Proliferation and Differentiation of Endometrial Stem Cells
3.4 The Secret of ``Monthly´´ Uterine Function
3.4.1 Stem Cells in Menstrual Blood
3.4.2 Characteristics of MenSCs
3.4.3 Cell Markers of MenSCs
3.4.4 MenSCs Isolation Protocol
3.4.5 MenSCs: From Bench to Bedside
3.4.6 Challenges in MenSCs Application
3.5 Bone Marrow
3.5.1 Bone Marrow Contribution in Endometrial Stem Cell
3.5.2 Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell and Endometrial Stem Cell Crosstalk
3.6 Role of Stem Cells on the Uterine-Dependent Diseases
3.6.1 Endometriosis
3.6.2 Adenomyosis
3.7 Cancer Stem Cells in the Endometrium and Their Origin
3.7.1 Endometrial Cancer: A Medical Dilemma All Women Around the World Struggle with
3.7.2 Endometrial Cancer Classification
3.7.3 The Endometrial Cancer Stem Cells
3.7.4 Endometrial Cancer Stem Cell Markers
3.7.5 Endometrial Cancer Stem Cells and Activated Pathways: Is There a New Hope to Treat Endometrial Cancer?
3.8 Conclusion
References
4: Ovarian Stem Cells and Progenitors and Their Regenerative Capabilities
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Ovarian Stem Cells: Hype or Hope
4.1.2 Ovarian Reserve
4.1.3 Infertility in Women
4.2 The Process of Folliculogenesis
4.2.1 The Ovarian Stem Cells
4.2.2 Germ Cell Nests
4.3 Recourse for Formation of New Oocyte from OSCs
4.3.1 Follicles Derived from Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
4.3.2 Follicles-Derived from Somatic Stem Cells
4.3.3 Follicles Derived from the Ovarian Surface Epithelium
4.4 Isolation and Characterization Methods for OSCs
4.5 Differentiation Potential of OSCs
4.6 Markers of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells
4.7 Spheroid Culture of Ovarian CSCs
4.7.1 In Vitro Propagation of OSCs
4.7.2 Monolayer Explant Cultures
4.7.3 Co-culture System
4.8 Ovarian Stem Cells in Different Species
4.9 Ovarian Stem Cell Niche and Aging
4.10 Conclusion
References
5: Genomic Instability in Stem Cells: The Basic Issues
5.1 Introduction
5.2 DNA Repair Mechanisms in Stem Cells
5.2.1 Mismatch Repair in Stem Cells
5.2.2 Base Excision Repair in Stem Cells
5.2.3 Nucleotide Excision Repair in Stem Cells
5.2.4 Homologous Recombination (HR) and Non-homologous End-Joining Repair (NHEJ) in Stem Cells
5.3 Genomic Instability in ESCs, IPCs, and MSCs: A Current Perspective
5.3.1 ESCs Instability
5.3.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells instability
5.3.2.1 The Frequently Observed Aberrations in hiPSCs
5.3.2.2 IPSCs Culture and Aberrations
5.3.3 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Instability
5.4 Epigenetic Changes in Senescence and Aging and Their Contribution to Genomic Instability
5.4.1 Cell Senescence
5.5 Methods for the Evaluation of Genomic Instability
5.5.1 Karyotype Analysis
5.5.2 Conventional Karyotyping
5.5.3 High-Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
5.5.4 Exome Sequencing
5.5.5 Expression-Based Karyotyping (e-Karyotyping)
5.5.6 FISH and Multiplex (M-) Fish Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
5.5.7 Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)
5.5.8 High-Throughput Karyotyping
5.5.9 Genome Mapping in Nano-channel Arrays
5.5.10 RNA-seq-Based Techniques
5.5.11 Digital Droplet-PCR
5.6 Conclusion
References
6: Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Heart Cell Therapy: The Effect of Route of Cell Delivery in the Clinical Perspective
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Factors Affecting the Outcome of Cell-Based Therapy
6.3 Cell Delivery Strategies to the Myocardium
6.3.1 Intravenous Injection for Stem Cell Therapy
6.3.1.1 Intravenous Cell Delivery in Clinical Trials
6.3.2 Intramyocardial Cell Delivery
6.3.2.1 TEPI Intramyocardial Injection
6.3.2.2 Transendocardial Intramyocardial Injection
6.3.2.3 Intramyocardial Delivery of MSCs in Clinical Studies
TEPI Cell Delivery Approach
TENDO Cell Delivery Approach
6.3.3 Intracoronary Injection
6.3.3.1 Antegrade I/C Injection
6.3.3.2 Retrograde I/C Injection
6.3.3.3 Intracoronary Cell Delivery in Clinical Studies
6.3.4 Patch/Scaffold-Based Delivery
6.4 Comparison of Various Routes in Clinical Studies and Future Perspective
References
7: Researches and Applications of Stem Cell Secretome
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Current Research Progress of Stem Cells Secretome for Parkinson´s Disease
7.2.1 Neural Stem Cells
7.2.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
7.3 Therapeutic Potential of the Stem Cell Secretome in Ischemic Stroke
7.3.1 Stem Cell Secretome Promotes Repair in Preclinical Models of Stroke
7.3.2 Stem Cell-Derived EVs also Effect Stroke Repair
7.4 Stem Cell-Derived Secretome for Lung Diseases
7.5 Stem Cell Secretome as a Cell-Free Regenerative Therapy for Liver Disease
7.5.1 Immunomodulatory Activities
7.5.2 Amelioration of Liver Injury
7.5.3 Antifibrotic Effects
7.6 Stem Cell Secretome for Renal Disease
7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
8: Therapeutic Application of Perinatal Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Progress and Future Prospects
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Key Players in Cardiovascular Therapy
8.3 Birth-Associated Tissues: Unlimited Sources of Therapeutic MSCs
8.3.1 Amniotic Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
8.3.2 Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
8.3.3 Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
8.3.4 Wharton´s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
8.4 Roles of MSCs in Myocardial Regeneration
8.4.1 Migration of MSCs
8.4.2 Differentiation and Cell Replacement Potential of MSCs
8.4.3 MSCs Act Through Immunomodulation
8.4.4 MSCs Secrete Paracrine Factors
8.4.5 MSCs Secrete Exosomes
8.4.6 MSCs Interact Directly with Target Cells
8.5 Preclinical Studies: Animal Models of Human Cardiovascular Diseases
8.6 Clinical Trials: MSCs as Modern Therapeutic Agents in Cardiovascular Therapy
8.7 Regulatory Frameworks of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Perinatal MSCs Products on Pharmaceutical Market
8.8 Future Goals: Improvement of the Efficiency of Stem Cell-Based Therapy
8.9 Conclusions
References
9: Chromatin Remodeling and Cardiac Differentiation of Stem Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Chromatin Remodeling
9.2 ATP-Independent Chromatin Remodeling
9.2.1 Classification of ATP-Independent Chromatin Remodelers
9.2.1.1 Writers
Histone Methyltransferases (HMTs)
Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs)
9.2.1.2 Erasers
Histone Demethylases (HDMs)
Histone Deacetylases (HDACs)
9.2.2 Mechanism of Histone Modification in Chromatin Remodeling
9.2.2.1 Direct Structural Perturbation
9.2.2.2 Regulation of Chromatin Factors Binding
9.3 ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling
9.4 Classification of ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodelers
9.4.1 Switching Defective/Sucrose Nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) Family
9.4.2 Imitation Switch (ISWI) Family
9.4.3 Chromatin Helicase DNA Binding (CHD) Family
9.4.4 Inositol Requiring 80 (INO-80) Family
9.5 Mechanism of ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling
9.5.1 Nucleosome Assembly
9.5.2 Chromatin Access
9.5.3 Nucleosome Editing
9.6 Chromatin Remodelers and Trilineage Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
9.7 Role of Chromatin Remodelers in Cardiac Differentiation
9.7.1 ATP-Independent Chromatin Remodelers in Cardiac Differentiation
9.7.2 Histone Acetylases (HATs)/Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) in Cardiac Differentiation
9.7.3 Histone Methyltransferases (HMTs)/Histone Demethylases (HDMs) in Cardiac Differentiation
9.7.4 ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodelers in Cardiac Differentiation
9.7.4.1 Switching Defective/Sucrose Nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) Family in Cardiac
Differentiation
9.8 Conclusion
References
Index