Stem Cells: Biology and Therapeutics

✍ Scribed by Suchandra Chowdhury, Shyamasree Ghosh

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 271
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Stem cells hold great promise for cell therapy, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. This book highlights the potency of stem cells, their property of self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into different cell lineages. It further describes the different markers to identify stem cells, sources, methods of isolation, culture including 2D, 3D and beyond and their cryopreservation. This is among the first books to discuss glycosylation and sialylation in stem cells. Chapters describe application of stem cells in regenerative medicine and therapy, and highlight their application in cancer therapy and spinal cord injury. The book talks about the important patents on stem cells. The book also highlights the plant stem cells, discussing their pluoripotent nature, role in organ regeneration after injury, specific stem cell niches, that signals to block differentiation studied in plants shoot, root, and vascular meristems, differentiation of plant stem cell, transcriptional regulation and epigenetic modification of plant stem cells.

This book is exciting and cutting edge. It will be of great interest to doctors, students and researchers in the field of regenerative medicine, cancer , biotechnology and plant sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
About the Authors
1: Stem Cells an Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept of Stem Cell´´ 1.3 Stem CellNiche´´
1.4 Stem Cells: Classification
1.4.1 Classification of Stem Cells on the Basis of Potency
1.4.2 Classification of Stem Cells on the Basis of Source
1.4.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells
1.4.2.2 Adult Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells
Tissue-Specific Stem Cells (TSSCs)
1.4.2.3 Induced Pluripotent Cells
1.4.2.4 Cancer Stem Cells
1.4.2.5 Plasticity of Stem Cells or Transdifferentiation
1.5 Discussion
References
2: Sources, Isolation and culture of stem cells?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
2.3 Adult Stem Cells
2.3.1 Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells
2.3.2 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
2.3.3 Stem Cells of the Eye: Corneal Epithelial and Stromal Stem Cells
2.3.4 Dental Stem Cells
2.3.5 Stem Cells from the Epidermis (Skin)
2.3.5.1 Hair Follicle Associated Pluripotent (HAP) Stem Cells
2.3.5.2 Nerve Stem Cells of the Skin
2.3.5.3 Stem Cells of the Eccrine Gland
2.3.5.4 Skin Derived Precursors (SKP)
2.3.5.5 Keratinocyte Stem Cells (KSC)
2.3.5.6 Melanocyte Stem Cells
2.3.5.7 Merkel Cell Stem Cells
2.3.6 Thymus Epithelial Stem Cells (TESC)
2.3.7 Oral Epithelial Stem Cells (OESC)
2.3.8 Lingual Epithelial Stem Cells (LESC)
2.3.9 Oesophageal Epithelial Stem Cells (OeSC)
2.3.10 Salivary Gland Stem Cells (SGSCs)
2.3.11 Epithelial Intestine Stem Cells (ISC)
2.3.12 Haematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
2.3.13 Gallbladder Stem Cells
2.3.14 Hepatic Stem Cells (HpSCs)
2.3.15 Lung Epithelial Stem Cells
2.3.16 Mammary Epithelial Stem Cells (MaSCs)
2.3.17 Uterine Stem Cells: Endometrial and Myometrial Stem Cells (EndoSCs and MyoSCs)
2.3.18 Prostate Stem Cells
2.3.19 Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSCs)
2.3.20 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
2.3.21 Cardiac Stem Cells
2.3.22 Muscle Stem Cells (MuSC)
2.3.23 Adipose Stem Cells
2.4 Induced Pluripotent Cells
2.5 3D Stem Cell Culture
2.6 4D Culture
2.7 Discussion
References
3: Cryopreservation of Stem Cells
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cryopreservation and Cryoprotectants
3.3 History of Cryopreservation
3.4 Factors Affecting Cryopreservation
3.4.1 Temperature
3.4.2 Solution Effect
3.4.3 Intracellular Freezing
3.4.4 The Packing Volume of Cells
3.5 Cryoprotection
3.5.1 Introducing the Cryoprotectant
3.5.2 Removing the Cryoprotectant
3.5.3 Freezing and Thawing of Cells
3.5.4 Exposure of Cells to Nonpermeating Solutes
3.6 Cryopreservation: The Process
3.7 Different Types of Cryoprotectants
3.7.1 Glycerol
3.7.2 DMSO
3.7.3 Polymers
3.7.4 Trehalose
3.7.5 HES
3.7.6 Proteins
3.7.7 Cell Banker Series
3.8 Cryopreservation of Stem Cells
3.8.1 Cryopreservation of Embryonic Stem Cells
3.8.2 Cryopreservation of Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
3.8.2.1 Cryopreservation of Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Stem Cells
3.8.2.2 Cryopreservation of Tissue Specific Adult Stem Cells
Cryopreservation of Haematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)
Cryopreservation of Neural Stem Cells
Cryopreservation of the Stem Cells in the Eye: Corneal Epithelial (CESCs) and Stromal Stem Cells (CSSCs)
Cryopreservation of Dental Stem Cells (DSCs)
Cryopreservation of Stem Cells from the Epidermis (Skin)
Cryopreservation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
3.8.3 Cryopreservation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
3.9 Quality Assessment of Stem Cells Recovered from Cryopreservation
3.10 Discussion
References
4: Glycosylation of Stem Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Glycosylation
4.2.1 N-glycosylation
4.2.2 O-glycosylation
4.2.3 O-GlcNAcyl Modifications
4.2.4 Glycosphingolipids (GSLs)
4.2.5 Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycan
4.2.6 Events of Glycosylation
4.3 Glycosylation and Stem Cells
4.3.1 Glycosylation and Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) Biomarkers
4.3.2 Glycosylation and Adult Stem Cell (ASC) Biomarkers
4.3.3 Glycosylation and Self-Renewal of Stem Cell
4.4 Defective Glycosylation and Congenital Disorders
4.4.1 CDGs Associated with N-glycan
4.4.2 CDGs Associated with O-glycan
4.4.3 CDG Associated with N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) Deficiency
4.4.4 CDG and Therapies
4.5 Glycosylation and Cancer Stem Cells (CSC)
4.5.1 Glycosylation and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Cancer
4.5.2 CSC Markers and Glycosylation
4.5.2.1 CD44
4.5.2.2 CD133
4.5.2.3 CD24
4.5.3 Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM), CSCs Maintenance and Differential Glycosylation
4.5.4 CSCs and Mucins
4.5.5 Glycosyltransferases (GF) in Stemness of CSCs
4.6 Discussion
References
5: Sialylation of Stem Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sialic Acids and Their Derivatives in Humans
5.3 Distribution in Nature and Chemical Diversity
5.4 Biosynthesis and Metabolism
5.5 Biological Role
5.6 Detection of Sialic Acids and Their Derivatives
5.7 Lectins
5.8 Siglecs
5.9 Selectins
5.10 Stem Cells and Sialylation
5.11 Role of Sialylation Related Enzymes in Stem Cells
5.12 Cancer Stem Cells and Sialylation
5.13 Role of Sialylation in Reprogramming of Somatic Cells and Maintenance of Stem Cell Pluripotency
5.14 Discussion
References
6: Markers of Stem Cells
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Markers for Stem Cell Identification
6.2.1 Carbohydrate Based Cell Surface Markers
6.2.1.1 Stage Specific Embryonic Antigens (SSEA)
6.2.1.2 TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 Antigens
6.2.2 Protein Based Cell Surface Markers
6.2.2.1 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
6.2.2.2 Thy-1 Antigen or CDw90
6.2.2.3 CD9
6.2.2.4 CD24
6.2.2.5 Stem Cell Factor (SCF or c-Kit Ligand)
6.2.2.6 CD133
6.2.2.7 Integrins
Integrin β1 (CD29)
Integrin α6 (CD49f)
6.2.2.8 Frizzled (Fzd)
6.2.2.9 Cripto (TDGF-1)
6.2.2.10 CD34
6.2.2.11 Nestin
6.2.2.12 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
6.2.2.13 Notch Proteins
6.2.2.14 CD81
6.2.2.15 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
6.2.2.16 CD71
6.2.2.17 Vimentin
6.2.2.18 Flk-1
6.2.2.19 CD13
6.2.2.20 CD105
6.2.2.21 CD44
6.2.2.22 CD59
6.2.2.23 Stro-1
6.2.3 Transcription Factors
6.2.3.1 Octamer-Binding Protein 4 (Oct4)
6.2.3.2 Sry-Related High-Mobility Group (HMG) Box-Containing (Sox) Family
6.2.3.3 Krupple-Like Factor (Klf) Family
6.2.3.4 Nanog
6.2.3.5 Reduced Expression 1 Gene (Rex1 or Zfp-42)
6.2.3.6 Undifferentiated Embryonic Cell Transcription Factor (UTF1)
6.2.3.7 X-Linked Zinc Finger Protein (ZFX)
6.2.3.8 Taube Nuss (Tbn)
6.2.3.9 Forkhead Box D3 (FoxD3)
6.2.3.10 High Mobility Group A2 (HMGA2)
6.2.3.11 Nucleus Accumbens-1 (NAC1)
6.2.3.12 Germ Cell Nuclear Factor (GCNF)
6.2.3.13 STAT3
6.2.3.14 Lymphoid Enhancer Factor 1(LEF1) and T-Cell Factor 1(TCF)
6.2.3.15 SALL Family
6.2.3.16 ESC Associated Transcript (ECAT) Genes
6.2.3.17 Developmental Pluripotency-Associated (DPPA) Genes
6.2.3.18 Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-Beta (HNF3-Beta)
6.2.3.19 C-Myc
6.2.4 Cell Cycle Regulators
6.2.4.1 DeltaNp63
6.2.4.2 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters (ABCG2)
6.2.5 Signal Pathway-Related Intracellular Markers
6.2.5.1 Lin28
6.2.6 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)
6.3 Markers of Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
6.3.1 Carbohydrate Cell Surface Markers
6.3.2 Protein Based Cell Surface Markers
6.4 Markers of Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells (UCB)
6.5 Markers of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
6.6 Markers of Corneal Epithelial (CESCs) and Stromal Stem Cells
6.7 Markers of Dental Stem Cells (DSCs)
6.8 Markers of Stem Cells from the Epidermis (Skin)
6.9 Markers of Thymus Epithelial Stem Cells (TESC)
6.10 Markers of Oral Epithelial Stem Cells (OESC)
6.11 Markers of Oesophageal Epithelial Stem Cells (OeSC)
6.12 Markers of Salivary Gland Stem Cells (SGSCs)
6.13 Markers of Epithelial Intestine Stem Cells (ISC)
6.14 Markers of Haematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
6.15 Markers of Gallbladder Stem Cells
6.16 Markers of Hepatic Stem Cells (HpSCs)
6.17 Markers of Lung Epithelial Stem Cells
6.18 Markers of Mammary Epithelial Stem Cells (MaSCs)
6.19 Markers of Spermatogonial Stem Cells
6.20 Markers of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
6.21 Markers of Cardiac Stem Cell
6.22 Markers of Muscle Stem Cells (MuSC)
6.23 Markers of Adipose Stem Cells
References
7: Cancer Stem Cells
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 History
7.1.2 Chemoresistance
7.2 Epigenetics
7.3 CSC in Different Cancers
7.4 Biology of CSC
7.4.1 CSC and Evolution
7.4.2 CSC and Markers
7.4.3 miRNA and CSC
7.4.4 CSC Survival and Mitochondria
7.4.5 CSC Niche and Signalling Pathways and EMT Transition
7.4.6 Metabolism
7.4.7 Redox, Hypoxia and CSC
7.5 Therapy and Challenges
7.6 Targeting CSC
7.6.1 Research
7.6.2 Natural Products and Targeting of CSC
7.7 Discussion
References
8: Next Generation Sequencing and Stem Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
8.3 Transcriptomics and Stem Cells
8.4 Single Cell Transcriptomics (SCT) in Study of Stem Cells
8.5 NGS and Cancer Stem Cells (CSC)
8.6 Discussion
References
9: Nanoparticles and Stem Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanoparticles and Delivery of Stem Cells
9.2.1 Prostate Cancer (PC)
9.2.2 Breast Cancer
9.2.3 Ovarian Cancer
9.2.4 Colorectal Stem Cells
9.2.5 Glioblastoma
9.2.6 Pancreatic Cancer
9.2.7 Neurodegenerative Diseases
9.2.8 Cardiovascular Diseases
9.3 Other Disorders
9.3.1 Different Nanoparticles and Stem Cells
9.4 Uses in Manipulation and Tacking of Stem Cells
9.4.1 Nanoparticles in Stem Cell Imaging
9.4.2 Nanoparticles and Stem Cell Cytotoxicity
9.5 Discussions
References
10: Stem Cells in Clinical Research and Therapy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications in Disorders of the Nervous System (NS)
10.3 Application in Spinal Cord Injury (SPI)
10.4 Bone Disorders
10.5 Cardiovascular Diseases
10.6 Eye Diseases
10.7 Liver Diseases
10.8 Diabetes
10.9 Treatment in COVID-19
10.10 Autoimmune Diseases
10.11 Skin Replacement in Burn Injury
10.12 Discussion
References
11: Plant Stem Cell Biology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 PSC in Regeneration and Plant Development
11.3 Root Apical Meristem (RAM)
11.4 Root Stem Cells (RSC) and Organ Regeneration
11.5 Shoot Stem Cells (SSC) in Self-Regeneration
11.6 SSC in Whole Organ Regeneration
11.7 Stem Cell Differentiation and Regulation
11.7.1 Hormones and Patterning
11.7.2 Role of Plasmodesmata
11.7.3 Transcription Factors and miRNAs
11.7.4 Small Peptides
11.7.5 Transcription Factors
11.8 Discussion
References