Statistics: Principles and Methods

✍ Scribed by Richard A. Johnson, Gouri K. Bhattacharyya

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 706
• Edition: 6
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Johnson provides a comprehensive, accurate introduction to statistics for business professionals who need to learn how to apply key concepts. The chapters have been updated with real-world data to make the material more relevant. The revised pedagogy will help them contextualize statistical concepts and procedures. The numerous examples clearly demonstrate the important points of the methods. New What Will We Learn opening paragraphs set the stage for the material being discussed. Using Statistics Wisely boxes summarize key lessons. In addition, Statistics in Context sections give business professionals an understanding of applications in which a statistical approach to variation is needed.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Preface
......Page 7
Contents......Page 13
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 21
2 Statistics in Our Everyday Life......Page 23
3 Statistics in Aid of Scientific Inquiry......Page 25
4 Two Basic Concepts—Population and Sample......Page 28
5 The Purposeful Collection of Data......Page 34
6 Statistics in Context......Page 35
7 Objectives of Statistics......Page 37
9 Key Ideas......Page 38
10 Review Exercises......Page 39
2 ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DATA......Page 41
2 Main Types of Data......Page 43
3.1 Categorical Data......Page 44
3.2 Discrete Data......Page 48
3.3 Data on a Continuous Variable......Page 49
4 Measures of Center......Page 60
5 Measures of Variation......Page 68
6 Checking the Stability of the Observations over Time......Page 80
7 More on Graphics......Page 84
8 Statistics in Context......Page 86
10 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 88
11 Technology......Page 90
12 Review Exercises......Page 93
3 DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF BIVARIATE DATA......Page 101
2 Summarization of Bivariate Categorical Data......Page 103
3 A Designed Experiment for Making a Comparison......Page 108
4 Scatter Diagram of Bivariate Measurement Data......Page 110
5 The Correlation Coefficient—A Measure of Linear Relation......Page 113
6 Prediction of One Variable from Another (Linear Regression)......Page 124
8 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 129
9 Technology......Page 130
10 Review Exercises......Page 131
4 PROBABILITY......Page 135
1 Introduction......Page 137
2 Probability of an Event......Page 138
3.1 Equally Likely Elementary Outcomes— The Uniform Probability Model......Page 144
3.2 Probability As the Long-Run Relative Frequency......Page 146
4 Event Relations and Two Laws of Probability......Page 152
5 Conditional Probability and Independence......Page 161
6 Bayes’ Theorem......Page 169
7 Random Sampling from a Finite Population......Page 175
9 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 182
10 Technology......Page 184
11 Review Exercises......Page 185
5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 191
2 Random Variables......Page 193
3 Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable......Page 196
4 Expectation (Mean) and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution......Page 205
5 Successes and Failures—Bernoulli Trials......Page 213
6 The Binomial Distribution......Page 218
7 The Binomial Distribution in Context......Page 228
8 Using Statistics Wisely......Page 231
9 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 232
10 Technology......Page 233
11 Review Exercises......Page 235
6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 241
1 Probability Model for a Continuous Random Variable......Page 243
2 The Normal Distribution—Its General Features......Page 250
3 The Standard Normal Distribution......Page 253
4 Probability Calculations with Normal Distributions......Page 258
5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial......Page 262
6 Checking the Plausibility of a Normal Model......Page 268
7 Transforming Observations to Attain Near Normality......Page 271
8 Using Statistics Wisely......Page 274
9 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 275
10 Technology......Page 276
11 Review Exercises......Page 277
7 VARIATION IN REPEATED SAMPLES— SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 283
1 Introduction......Page 285
2 The Sampling Distribution of a Statistic......Page 286
3 Distribution of the Sample Mean and the Central Limit Theorem......Page 293
4 Statistics in Context......Page 305
6 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 309
7 Review Exercises......Page 310
8 Class Projects......Page 312
9 Computer Project......Page 313
8 DRAWING INFERENCES FROM LARGE SAMPLES......Page 315
1 Introduction......Page 317
2 Point Estimation of a Population Mean......Page 319
3 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean......Page 325
4 Testing Hypotheses about a Population Mean......Page 334
5 Inferences about a Population Proportion......Page 349
6 Using Statistics Wisely......Page 357
7 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 358
8 Technology......Page 360
9 Review Exercises......Page 363
9 SMALL-SAMPLE INFERENCESFOR NORMAL POPULATIONS......Page 369
2 Student’s t Distribution......Page 371
3.1 Confidence Interval for μ......Page 375
3.2 Hypotheses Tests for μ
......Page 378
4 Relationship between Tests and Confidence Intervals......Page 383
5 Inferences about the Standard Deviation σ (The Chi-Square Distribution)......Page 386
6 Robustness of Inference Procedures......Page 391
7 Using Statistics Wisely......Page 392
8 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 393
9 Technology......Page 395
10 Review Exercises......Page 396
10 COMPARING TWO TREATMENTS......Page 401
1 Introduction......Page 403
2 Independent Random Samples from Two Populations......Page 406
3 Large Samples Inference about Difference of Two Means......Page 408
4 Inferences from Small Samples: Normal Populations with Equal Variances......Page 414
5.1 A Conservative t Test......Page 420
5.2 An Approximate t Test—Satterthwaite Correction......Page 422
6 Randomization and Its Role in Inference......Page 427
7 Matched Pairs Comparisons......Page 429
7.1 Inferences from a Large Number of Matched Pairs......Page 432
7.2 Inferences from a Small Number of Matched Pairs......Page 433
7.3 Randomization with Matched Pairs......Page 436
8 Choosing between Independent Samples and a Matched Pairs Sample......Page 438
9 Comparing Two Population Proportions......Page 440
10 Using Statistics Wisely......Page 446
11 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 447
12 Technology......Page 451
13 Review Exercises......Page 454
11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS—I Simple Linear Regression......Page 459
1 Introduction......Page 461
2 Regression with a Single Predictor......Page 463
3 A Straight-Line Regression Model......Page 466
4 The Method of Least Squares......Page 468
5 The Sampling Variability of the Least Squares Estimators— Tools for Inference......Page 476
6.1. Inference Concerning the Slope β₁......Page 478
6.3. Estimation of the Mean Response for a Specified x Value......Page 480
6.4. Prediction of a Single Response for a Specified x Value......Page 483
7 The Strength of a Linear Relation......Page 491
9 Using Statistics Wisely......Page 496
10 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 497
11 Technology......Page 500
12 Review Exercises......Page 501
12 REGRESSION ANALYSIS—II Multiple Linear Regression and Other Topics......Page 505
2 Nonlinear Relations and Linearizing Transformations......Page 507
3 Multiple Linear Regression......Page 511
4 Residual Plots to Check the Adequacy of a Statistical Model......Page 523
6 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 527
7 Technology......Page 528
8 Review Exercises......Page 529
13 ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA......Page 533
1 Introduction......Page 535
2 Pearson’s χ² Test for Goodness of Fit......Page 538
3 Contingency Table with One Margin Fixed (Test of Homogeneity)......Page 542
4 Contingency Table with Neither Margin Fixed (Test of Independence)......Page 551
6 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 557
7 Technology......Page 559
8 Review Exercises......Page 560
14 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)......Page 563
2 Comparison of Several Treatments— The Completely Randomized Design......Page 565
3 Population Model and Inferences for a Completely Randomized Design......Page 573
4 Simultaneous Confidence Intervals......Page 577
5 Graphical Diagnostics and Displays to Supplement ANOVA......Page 581
6 Randomized Block Experiments for Comparing k Treatments......Page 583
7 Using Statistics Wisely......Page 591
8 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 592
9 Technology......Page 593
10 Review Exercises......Page 594
15 NONPARAMETRIC INFERENCE......Page 597
2 The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Comparing Two Treatments......Page 599
3 Matched Pairs Comparisons......Page 610
4 Measure of Correlation Based on Ranks......Page 619
5 Concluding Remarks......Page 623
7 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page 624
9 Review Exercises......Page 625
APPENDIX A1 SUMMATION NOTATION......Page 629
APPENDIX A2 RULES FOR COUNTING......Page 634
APPENDIX A3 EXPECTATION AND STANDARD DEVIATION—PROPERTIES......Page 637
APPENDIX A4 THE EXPECTED VALUE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF X̄......Page 642
Table 1 Random Digits......Page 644
Table 2 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities......Page 647
Table 3 Standard Normal Probabilities......Page 654
Table 4 Percentage Points of t Distributions......Page 656
Table 5 Percentage Points of χ² Distributions......Page 657
Table 6 Percentage Points of F (μ₁, μ₂) Distributions......Page 658
Table 7 Selected Tail Probabilities for the Null Distribution of Wilcoxon’s Rank-Sum Statistic......Page 660
Table 8 Selected Tail Probabilities for the Null Distribution of Wilcoxon’s Signed-Rank Statistic......Page 665
DATA BANK......Page 667
ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES......Page 685
INDEX......Page 701