Wiley - Statistics II for Dummies (09-2009) (ATTiCA)......Page 3
Contents at a Glance......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 9
About This Book......Page 17
Conventions Used in This Book......Page 18
How This Book Is Organized......Page 19
Icons Used in This Book......Page 21
Where to Go from Here......Page 22
Part I: Tackling Data Analysis and Model-Building Basics......Page 23
Data Analysis: Looking before You Crunch......Page 25
Getting the Big Picture: An Overview of Stats II......Page 29
Chapter 2: Finding the Right Analysis for the Job......Page 37
Categorical versus Quantitative Variables......Page 38
Statistics for Categorical Variables......Page 39
Statistics for Quantitative Variables......Page 43
Avoiding Bias......Page 47
Measuring Precision with Margin of Error......Page 49
Knowing Your Limitations......Page 50
Chapter 3: Reviewing Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests......Page 53
Estimating Parameters by Using Confidence Intervals......Page 54
Whatโs the Hype about Hypothesis Tests?......Page 60
Part II: Using Different Types of Regression to Make Predictions......Page 69
Chapter 4: Getting in Line with Simple Linear Regression......Page 71
Exploring Relationships with Scatterplots and Correlations......Page 72
Building a Simple Linear Regression Model......Page 76
No Conclusion Left Behind: Tests and Confidence Intervals for Regression......Page 79
Checking the Modelโs Fit (The Data, Not the Clothes!)......Page 87
79 Knowing the Limitations of Your Regression Analysis......Page 95
Getting to Know the Multiple Regression Model......Page 99
Looking at xโs and yโs......Page 101
Collecting the Data......Page 102
Pinpointing Possible Relationships......Page 104
Checking for Multicolinearity......Page 107
Finding the Best-Fitting Model for Two x Variables......Page 108
Predicting y by Using the x Variables......Page 113
Checking the Fit of the Multiple Regression Model......Page 114
Chapter 6: How Can I Miss You If You Wonโt Leave? Regression Model Selection......Page 119
Getting a Kick out of Estimating Punt Distance......Page 120
Just Like Buying Shoes: The Model Looks Nice, But Does It Fit?......Page 125
Chapter 7: Getting Ahead of the Learning Curve with Nonlinear Regression......Page 131
Anticipating Nonlinear Regression......Page 132
Starting Out with Scatterplots......Page 133
Handling Curves in the Road with Polynomials......Page 135
Going Up? Going Down? Go Exponential!......Page 146
Chapter 8: Yes, No, Maybe So: Making Predictions by Using Logistic Regression......Page 153
Understanding a Logistic Regression Model......Page 154
Carrying Out a Logistic Regression Analysis......Page 158
Part III: Analyzing Variance with ANOVA......Page 167
Chapter 9: Testing Lots of Means? Come On Over to ANOVA!......Page 169
Comparing Two Means with a t-Test......Page 170
Evaluating More Means with ANOVA......Page 171
Checking the Conditions......Page 173
Doing the F-Test......Page 178
Checking the Fit of the ANOVA Model......Page 186
Chapter 10: Sorting Out the Means with Multiple Comparisons......Page 189
Following Up after ANOVA......Page 190
Pinpointing Differing Means with Fisher and Tukey......Page 193
Examining the Output to Determine the Analysis......Page 199
So Many Other Procedures, So Little Time!......Page 200
Chapter 11: Finding Your Way through Two-Way ANOVA......Page 207
Setting Up the Two-Way ANOVA Model......Page 208
Understanding Interaction Effects......Page 210
Testing the Terms in Two-Way ANOVA......Page 214
Running the Two-Way ANOVA Table......Page 215
Are Whites Whiter in Hot Water? Two-Way ANOVA Investigates......Page 218
Chapter 12: Regression and ANOVA: Surprise Relatives!......Page 223
Seeing Regression through the Eyes of Variation......Page 224
Regression and ANOVA: A Meeting of the Models......Page 228
Part IV: Building Strong Connections with Chi-Square Tests......Page 235
Chapter 13: Forming Associations with Two-Way Tables......Page 237
Breaking Down a Two-Way Table......Page 238
Breaking Down the Probabilities......Page 241
Trying To Be Independent......Page 249
Demystifying Simpsonโs Paradox......Page 252
Chapter 14: Being Independent Enough for the Chi-Square Test......Page 257
The Chi-square Test for Independence......Page 258
Comparing Two Tests for Comparing Two Proportions......Page 273
Chapter 15: Using Chi-Square Tests for Goodness-of-Fit (Your Data, Not Your Jeans)......Page 279
Finding the Goodness-of-Fit Statistic......Page 280
Interpreting the Goodness-of-Fit Statistic Using a Chi-Square......Page 284
Part V: Nonparametric Statistics: Rebels without a Distribution......Page 289
Arguing for Nonparametric Statistics......Page 291
Mastering the Basics of Nonparametric Statistics......Page 296
Chapter 17: All Signs Point to the Sign Test and Signed Rank Test......Page 303
Reading the Signs: The Sign Test......Page 304
Going a Step Further with the Signed Rank Test......Page 312
Conducting the Rank Sum Test......Page 319
Performing a Rank Sum Test: Which Real Estate Agent Sells Homes Faster?......Page 323
Doing the Kruskal-Wallis Test to Compare More than Two Populations......Page 329
Pinpointing the Differences: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test......Page 336
Chapter 20: Pointing Out Correlations with Spearmanโs Rank......Page 341
Pickinโ On Pearson and His Precious Conditions......Page 342
Scoring with Spearmanโs Rank Correlation......Page 343
Part VI: The Part of Tens......Page 349
Claiming These Statistics Proveโฆ......Page 351
Itโs Not Technically Statistically Significant, Butโฆ......Page 352
Concluding That x Causes y......Page 353
Only Reporting โImportantโ Results......Page 354
Assuming a Bigger Sample Is Always Better......Page 355
Itโs Not Technically Random, Butโฆ......Page 356
Assuming That 1,000 Responses Is 1,000 Responses......Page 357
Of Course the Results Apply to the General Population......Page 359
Deciding Just to Leave It Out......Page 360
Asking the Right Questions......Page 363
Being Skeptical......Page 364
Collecting and Analyzing Data Correctly......Page 365
Retracing Someone Elseโs Steps......Page 366
Putting the Pieces Together......Page 367
Explaining the Output......Page 368
Making Convincing Recommendations......Page 369
Establishing Yourself as the Statistics Go-To Guy or Gal......Page 371
Pollster......Page 373
Ornithologist (Bird Watcher)......Page 374
Sportscaster or Sportswriter......Page 375
Journalist......Page 376
Crime Fighter......Page 377
Medical Professional......Page 378
Marketing Executive......Page 379
Stock Broker......Page 380
t-Table......Page 383
Binomial Table......Page 385
Chi-Square Table......Page 390
Rank Sum Table......Page 392
F-Table......Page 393
Index......Page 395
Dedication......Page 5