Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Contributors
1 Introduction to Static and Dynamic High-Pressure Mineral Physics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chapter Summaries
References
2 Development of Static High-Pressure Techniques and the Study of the Earth's Deep Interior in the Last 50 Years and Its Future
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Early Days of the High-Pressure Experiments to Study the Earth's Deep Interior
2.3 Developments of Multi-Anvil High Pressure Devices in Japan
2.4 Invention and Development of Diamond Anvil Apparatus
2.5 Development of Laser Heating in Diamond Anvil Cell and Melting Experiments
2.6 Combination of High-Pressure Apparatus with Synchrotron Radiation
2.7 Efforts to Extend the Pressure Range beyond the Limit of Diamond Anvils
2.8 Future Perspectives
References
3 Applications of Synchrotron and FEL X-Rays in High-Pressure Research
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A Brief History of High-Pressure X-Ray Studies
3.2.1 High-Pressure X-Ray Diffraction
3.2.2 High-Pressure X-Ray Spectroscopy
3.2.3 High-Pressure Inelastic X-Ray Scattering
3.2.4 High-Pressure X-Ray Imaging
3.3 Highlights from High-Pressure Research Using Synchrotron and FEL X-Rays
3.3.1 Ultrahigh-Pressure Generation
3.3.2 Amorphous Materials at High Pressure
3.3.3 Transition Kinetics and Materials Metastability
3.4 Outlook on Future Developments
3.4.1 High-Pressure Research at MBA Storage Ring Facilities
3.4.2 High-Pressure Research at X-Ray FELs
Acknowledgments
References
4 Development of Large-Volume Diamond Anvil Cell for Neutron Diffraction: The Neutron Diamond Anvil Cell Project at ORNL
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Neutron Diamond Cells at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
4.3 Advances in Neutron Diamond Cells
4.4 Neutron Diffraction on Ice
4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5 Light-Source Diffraction Studies of Planetary Materials under Dynamic Loading
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Shock Wave Experiments
5.3 Continuum Diagnostics
5.4 In Situ X-Ray Diffraction under Plate Impact Shock Loading
5.4.1 Silica
5.4.2 Forsterite
5.4.3 Diamond
5.5 Laser-Shock Studies at X-Ray Free Electron Laser Sources
5.5.1 Silicate Liquids and Glasses
5.5.2 Hydrocarbons
5.5.3 Carbides
5.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
6 New Analysis of Shock-Compression Data for Selected Silicates
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Shock Compression
6.3 Selected Silicates under Shock Compression
6.3.1 Garnets
6.3.2 Tourmaline
6.3.3 Nepheline
6.3.4 Topaz
6.3.5 Spodumene
6.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
7 Scaling Relations for Combined Static and Dynamic High-Pressure Experiments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Waste Heat
7.3 Shock Loading Statically Precompressed Samples
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8 Equations of State of Selected Solids for High-Pressure Research and Planetary Interior Density Models
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods
8.2.1 Shockwave Experiments
8.2.2 Static Compression Experiments
8.2.2.1 In Situ X-Ray Diffraction in Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell
8.2.2.2 In Situ X-Ray Diffraction in the Multi-Anvil Press
8.3 Equation of State at Room Temperature
8.3.1 Common Pressure Standards
8.3.1.1 Neon
8.3.1.2 NaCl
8.3.1.3 MgO
8.3.1.4 Au
8.3.1.5 Pt
8.3.1.6 Other Pressure Standards
8.4 Thermal Pressure
8.4.1 Models of Thermal Equation of State
8.4.2 Data Analysis and Thermal Pressure Calculations
8.5 Density Profiles of the Deep Mantle and Core
8.5.1 Mantle Materials
8.5.2 Core Materials
8.6 Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
9 Elasticity at High Pressure with Implication for the Earth's Inner Core
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Summary of Elastic Wave Velocity Data for hcp Fe and Fe Light Element Alloys
9.3 Methods of Elastic Wave Velocity Measurements
9.3.1 Ultrasonic Interferometry
9.3.2 Brillouin Scattering
9.3.3 Inelastic X-Ray Scattering
9.3.4 Nuclear Inelastic Scattering
9.3.5 Shock Wave
9.3.6 Pulsed Laser
9.3.7 Radial X-Ray Diffraction
9.4 Elastic Wave Velocity at High Pressure
9.4.1 Room Temperature Data
9.4.2 High-Temperature Data
9.5 Implications for the Earth's Core
9.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
10 Multigrain Crystallography at Megabar Pressures
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Multigrain Indexation at High Pressures
10.3 Single-Crystal Structure Determination at Megabar Pressures
10.3.1 Calibration and Powder Diffraction Data
10.3.2 Multigrain Indexation and Grain Selection
10.3.3 Single-Crystal Structure Determination from Multigrain Data
10.3.4 Advantages of Applying the Multigrain Method to High-Pressure Data Sets
10.4 Online Multigrain Data Analysis during Synchrotron Sessions
10.5 Future Perspectives
10.5.1 Pressure Determination in Ultrahigh-Pressure Experiments
10.5.2 Combination of In Situ X-Ray Diffraction and Ex Situ Chemical Analysis Techniques
10.5.3 Limitations of the Multigrain Techniques
Acknowledgments
References
11 Deformation and Plasticity of Materials under Extreme Conditions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Experimental Techniques
11.2.1 Plasticity in the Large-Volume Press
11.2.2 Plasticity in Diamond Anvil Cells
11.2.3 Computational Plasticity
11.3 In Situ Characterization Techniques
11.3.1 Deformation
11.3.2 Polycrystal Properties
11.3.2.1 Lattice-Preferred Orientations
11.3.2.2 Stress and Strains
11.3.2.3 Interpretation Using Self-Consistent Models
11.3.3 Plasticity at the Grain Scale
11.3.3.1 Multigrain Crystallography
11.3.3.2 Defects
11.4 Sample Results
11.4.1 Deep Earth Materials
11.4.2 Materials Science
11.5 Perspectives
11.5.1 Multiphase Aggregates
11.5.2 Technical Developments
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12 Synthesis of High-Pressure Silicate Polymorphs Using Multi-Anvil Press
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Multi-Anvil Press
12.2.1 Pressure Generation and Measurement
12.2.1.1 Pressure Generation and Limits on Capacity
12.2.1.2 Pressure Calibration and Uncertainties
12.2.2 Temperature Generation and Measurement
12.2.2.1 Heater
12.2.2.2 Thermocouple
12.2.2.3 Pressure Effect on Thermocouple's emf
12.2.2.4 Power Curve
12.3 Theoretical Basis for High-Pressure Synthesis
12.3.1 Nucleation and Growth from a Melt
12.3.1.1 Nucleation as a Function of Temperature
12.3.1.2 Growth as a Function of Temperature
12.3.1.3 Crystal Growth with Time
12.3.2 Growing Large Crystals from a Fluid Solution
12.3.3 Nucleation and Growth through Solid-State Transformation
12.4 Synthesis of Dense Silicate Polymorphs
12.4.1 Mg2SiO4 Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite
12.4.1.1 Growth of Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite from Anhydrous Melt
12.4.1.2 Growth of Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite from Hydrous Melt
12.4.1.3 Growth of Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite through Solid-State Transformation
12.4.2 MgSiO3 Bridgmanite
12.4.2.1 Grow MgSiO3 Crystals from Anhydrous Melt
12.4.2.2 Growth of MgSiO3 Crystals from Hydrous Melt
12.4.2.3 Growth of MgSiO3 Crystals through Solid- State Transformation
12.5 Characterization of Synthesis Products
12.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13 Investigation of Chemical Interaction and Melting Using Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Experimental Techniques and Procedures
13.2.1 Temperature Measurement in the Laser-Heated DAC
13.2.2 Pressure Determination
13.2.3 Preparation of Starting Material
13.2.4 Sample Loading Configuration
13.2.5 FIB Sample Recovery
13.3 Sample Characterization
13.3.1 Imaging and Element Mapping of the Recovered Samples
13.3.2 Quantitative Chemical Analyses of the Recovered Samples
13.4 Results from Representative Experiments
13.4.1 Metal-Silicate Interactions
13.4.2 Melting Relations in Mantle Phases and Solidification of the Deep Magma Ocean
13.4.3 Melting of Core Materials
13.4.3.1 Melting Relations in the Fe-FeS System
13.4.3.2 Melting Relations in the Fe-S-Si, Fe-S-O, and Fe-Si-O Systems
13.4.3.3 Melting Relations in the Fe-C, Fe-O, and Fe-C-H Systems
13.5 Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14 Molecular Compounds under Extreme Conditions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Technical Developments
14.3 Experimental Research
14.3.1 Van der Waals Compounds
14.3.2 Rich Nitrogen Polymorphism
14.3.3 Dense Ices: Symmetrization of Hydrogen Bonds
14.3.4 Squeezing Hydrogen into Exotic States
14.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
15 Superconductivity at High Pressure
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Searching for Room Temperature Superconductors
15.3 Metallic Hydrogen and Superconductivity
15.4 Metallic Hydrogen Alloys and Superconductivity
15.5 Tale of Superconductivity of Sulfur Hydride at High Pressure
15.6 Superconductivity in Lanthanum Hydride at High Pressure
15.7 Other Hydrides for RTSC on the Horizon
15.8 Perspectives
References
16 Thermochemistry of High-Pressure Phases
16.1 The Power and Utility of Thermodynamics
16.2 Advances in Calorimetric Methodology
16.2.1 Low-Temperature Heat Capacity Measurements
16.2.2 High-Temperature Solution and Reaction Calorimetry
16.3 Specific Applications
16.3.1 Silicate Spinels, Perovskites, and Related Phases
16.3.2 Chalcogenides, Nitrides, and Carbides
16.3.3 Water and Defects in High-Pressure Phases
16.3.4 Nanoscale Effects
16.4 Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Index