Speech Production and Perception

✍ Scribed by Mark Tatham, Katherine Morton

• Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 345
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book develops a framework for a fully explanatory theory of speech production integrating with speech perception. Emphasis is placed on the difference between static models (primarily descriptive) and dynamic models that attempt to show how the basic linguistics and phonetics are related in an actual human speaker/listener.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
List of Figures and Tables......Page 15
Introduction......Page 17
Part I: Speech Production Theory......Page 20
Assumptions of Classical Phonetics......Page 22
The claims of Classical Phonetics......Page 25
System in Classical Phonetics......Page 26
Parameters for classifying segments......Page 28
Combinatorial constraints on phonetic features......Page 29
Segments 'in' the speech signal......Page 30
What is a segment? – the speaker focus......Page 32
Phonemes......Page 33
The nature of symbolic representations......Page 35
Phonetic transcription and linguistically relevant information......Page 36
Confusion over what speech sounds 'represent'......Page 37
The domain of speech theory......Page 38
Introduction......Page 40
What is coarticulation?......Page 41
Right-to-left coarticulation......Page 43
Overlap......Page 45
Contextual 'accommodation'......Page 46
Adaptation......Page 47
Coarticulation or co-production?......Page 48
Blocking and coarticulatory spread......Page 49
The spreading model and linear causation......Page 50
Target theory......Page 51
Correlation between the input target specification and the articulator target......Page 54
Non-variable targets, variable targets and management......Page 55
The unknown input......Page 57
Introduction......Page 59
Characterising the results of coarticulation......Page 60
What must a theory of coarticulation include?......Page 68
The focus of coarticulation theory......Page 72
Models of coarticulation – presuppositions......Page 74
Coarticulation – basic theory......Page 76
Symbolic representation and linear context......Page 77
Technical criticism of Wickelgren's approach......Page 78
Lashley's serial ordering approach......Page 79
MacNeilage's three-dimensional spatial targets......Page 80
Holmes' linearly conjoining model......Page 81
Lindblom and Öhman compared......Page 83
Henke's look-ahead model......Page 86
Intrinsic and extrinsic allophones......Page 89
Ladefoged's approach to allophones......Page 90
Classical Phonetics confuses assimilation and coarticulation......Page 91
Kim's 'systematic synthesis' model and coarticulation......Page 93
Daniloff and Hammarberg – coarticulation as feature spreading......Page 94
Keating's model of coarticulation......Page 95
Window setting – target constraints and their domains......Page 101
Coarticulatory resistance and aggression......Page 105
Revisions of the Window Model......Page 106
Coarticulatory resistance......Page 108
Co-production theories......Page 110
Coarticulation vs. co-production......Page 111
Sources of intrinsic variation......Page 114
Inter-segment coarticulatory influence......Page 115
Introduction......Page 118
Two dimensions to speech production theory......Page 119
The purpose of phonetic descriptions......Page 120
Speech production models......Page 123
Levels of abstraction......Page 124
Articulatory Control......Page 125
Models of speech production......Page 126
Serial ordering – the Lashley/MacNeilage legacy......Page 127
Ordering in Öhman's early model of coarticulation......Page 129
Lashley's control mechanism......Page 130
Action Theory......Page 131
Task Dynamics......Page 135
Articulatory Phonology......Page 136
Speech production theory – changing direction......Page 137
Unifying the approach......Page 138
The Gestural Score......Page 139
Introduction......Page 140
Spanning – an intonation example......Page 141
Prosodic effects......Page 142
Linguistic distinctiveness......Page 143
Syllables......Page 144
Prosody – focus on segments detracts from good prosody models......Page 148
Features for prosody vs. features for segments......Page 150
Syllables and stress......Page 152
Prominence and stress......Page 155
The metrical organisation of speech......Page 163
Stressed syllables form the basis of rhythmic structure......Page 164
Declination......Page 167
Prosodic Analysis......Page 169
Prosody and parametric modelling......Page 171
Prosodic effects on segmental articulation......Page 172
The basis of intonation modelling......Page 175
Part II: Speech Perception Theory......Page 184
What levels of representation are necessary?......Page 186
Modelling and the physical world......Page 187
Requirements of the model – feedback......Page 188
The speech production model......Page 190
Cognition develops models of speech processes......Page 191
Planes......Page 192
Details of the speech production model......Page 193
Supervision......Page 195
Expressive content in speech production......Page 198
The dynamic nature of the waveform......Page 200
Prosody as information bearing......Page 202
The perception of expressive content......Page 203
The listener is active......Page 206
Some questions that need answering......Page 207
Pragmatics in phonetics......Page 208
Language teaching/learning......Page 211
The simulation of speech – speech technology......Page 212
Introduction......Page 213
Consonants vs. vowels......Page 214
The listener's perceptual goal......Page 215
The principle of sufficient perceptual separation......Page 216
The perceptual task......Page 217
The general problem of speech perception......Page 218
Models of Speech Perception......Page 220
Passive models – template-based models......Page 223
Passive theories – filtering......Page 224
Direct Perception (as opposed to 'mediated perception')......Page 225
The Motor Theory of Speech Perception......Page 226
Hybrid models of speech perception......Page 228
Categories......Page 229
Direct Realism......Page 231
The Associative Store Theory......Page 232
Similarity of production and perception......Page 235
Introduction......Page 237
Ease of articulation......Page 239
Targets – representations of which level?......Page 240
Adaptive Variability Theory......Page 241
Articulator 'response' and its relevance to perception......Page 242
The basic units for speech – segments again......Page 243
Functional and physical definitions – potential conflict......Page 244
Discrete units in the cognitive world......Page 245
Impossibility of isolating cognitive considerations from physical considerations......Page 246
Segment 'boundaries' and asynchrony......Page 247
Uniqueness of segments as 'targets'......Page 248
'Rule governed' processes?......Page 249
General theory related to phonetic theory......Page 250
A theory of speech production must cover both phonology and phonetics......Page 251
Do phonological or phonetic representations dominate the perceptual processes?......Page 252
Part III: Areas of Focus, Modelling and Applications......Page 254
Introduction......Page 256
Duality......Page 257
Spoken language......Page 258
Language teaching......Page 259
Current modelling......Page 260
An old problem......Page 261
Modelling the phenomenon – theory......Page 264
Modelling the phenomenon – the empirical approach......Page 265
Application models within theory......Page 266
Usefulness of empirical work......Page 267
Testing models......Page 268
Theories available for application – linguistically oriented models......Page 269
Cognitive and physical modelling......Page 270
Deficiencies of current theory......Page 271
Metatheory......Page 273
A computational approach......Page 274
Naturalness......Page 275
Adaptation and simulation......Page 276
Intelligibility – state of the art......Page 277
Naturalness in human speech......Page 279
Variability......Page 280
Style......Page 282
Data structures......Page 283
Automatic speech recognition......Page 284
Introduction......Page 289
The relationship between production and perception in SLA......Page 291
Production unit size and feedback......Page 292
Theoretically motivated pronunciation training techniques......Page 293
Accent and dialect studies......Page 295
Introduction......Page 297
The neuropsychology of speech......Page 299
An acquisition disorder – deafness as error......Page 300
Perception......Page 302
Cross-modal linking......Page 303
fMRI evidence......Page 307
A basic assumption – phonological awareness......Page 308
Levels of representation and the metatheory......Page 309
Phonetics related to other areas of linguistic description......Page 310
Diagnostic applications......Page 311
Clinical Phonetics – procedures and expert systems: modelling clinical assessment......Page 313
Areas that need further specification......Page 315
Conclusion......Page 318
References......Page 319
G......Page 330
M......Page 331
Y......Page 332
A......Page 333
C......Page 334
E......Page 335
I......Page 336
L......Page 337
M......Page 338
P......Page 339
R......Page 341
S......Page 342
T......Page 344
X......Page 345