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African Earth Sciences, concerning the "Kibaran" period. The "Kibaran" sensu Zato encompasses the period of intracratonic rifting and convergent orogeny in central eastern Africa (-1500-1250 Ma) plus the subsequent "Lomamian" orogeny at -950 Ma. However, some workers insist that the term "Kibaran" should only be applied to the older (-1500-1250 Ma) events.
In southern Africa, the Mesoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal belt (-1300 to -950 Ma, with an erogenic climax at -1100 Ma) fits within the broadly-defined "Kibaran" period. However, vrhilst the Kibaran orogeny is essentially an intracratonic mobile belt, the Namaqua-Natal Province has been modelled as an accretionary orogen, which forms part of the worldwide network of Grenville-aged belts. This event led to the assembly of the Rodinian supercontinent and, whilst the Namaqua-Natal belt of southern Africa has been integrated into evolutionary models of Rodinia, the Kibaran belts have been largely ignored. In addition, the genesis of the Mesoproterozoic alkaline complexes, which intrude the
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