Spatial Management of Risks (Geographical Information Systems)

✍ Scribed by Gerard Brugnot

• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 274
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Spatial analysis is an increasingly important tool for detecting and preventing numerous risk and crisis phenomena such as floods in a geographical area. This book concentrates on examples of prevention but also gives crisis control advice and practical case studies.  Some chapters address urban applications in which vulnerabilities are concentrated in area; others address more rural areas with more scattered phenomena.

✦ Table of Contents

Spatial Management of Risks......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Introduction......Page 15
1.1. Introduction......Page 23
1.2. GIS and public security......Page 25
1.3.1. SIGASC application......Page 30
1.3.2. Application......Page 34
1.3.3. SIG CODIS application......Page 37
1.4. Prospects for development......Page 40
1.6. Bibliography......Page 41
2.1. Introduction......Page 45
2.2. Construction of the index......Page 46
2.3. Implementation of fuzzy calculations......Page 48
2.4.2.1. Pluviometry......Page 50
2.4.3.1. Geographic characteristics of the area......Page 51
2.4.4. Fuzzy parameters......Page 52
2.4.5. Representation of the indicator and of its related inaccuracy......Page 53
2.5. Conclusion......Page 55
2.6. Bibliography......Page 58
3.1. Introduction......Page 61
3.2.1. Mapping principles......Page 62
3.2.3. Mapping steps......Page 63
3.3. Territorial database building rules......Page 64
3.3.1. Choosing software programs......Page 65
3.3.2. Design of the implemented GIS......Page 66
3.3.3.2. Digitization of paper-based document......Page 68
3.3.4.2. Creating a data dictionary......Page 69
3.4.1. Identifying the available information......Page 70
3.4.2. Soil-related data......Page 71
3.4.2.1. Surface texture of the soils......Page 72
3.4.2.3. Soil textural differentiation......Page 73
3.4.3. Topography-related data......Page 74
3.4.3.2. Slope orientation......Page 75
3.4.4. Land use-related data......Page 76
3.4.5.2. Ditches......Page 78
3.4.5.3. Agricultural land drainage......Page 79
3.5.1.1. Zoning of the potential for pollution......Page 80
3.5.1.3. Risk zoning......Page 81
3.5.2.2. Knowing the risks......Page 82
3.5.2.3. Transfer diagnosis......Page 86
3.5.2.4. Risk management......Page 87
3.6. Risk zoning applications......Page 88
3.6.2. Spatial planning applications......Page 89
3.6.3. Applications related to monitoring water quality......Page 90
3.7. Conclusion......Page 91
3.8. Bibliography......Page 92
4.1. Introduction......Page 93
4.2. Principal risks......Page 95
4.3.1. Geological insight......Page 96
4.3.2. Morphology of the research areas......Page 97
4.4. Working method......Page 98
4.5. Computer-based synthetic analysis and transcription of historical data and information collected on the research area......Page 100
4.6. First results......Page 102
4.7. Structure of computer thematic mapping......Page 104
4.8. Application and use of the method......Page 106
4.9. Bibliography......Page 107
5.1.1. General information on forests......Page 109
5.1.2. The protective role of mountain forests......Page 110
5.2.2. Methodology......Page 112
5.2.3. Building up a synthesis map of natural hazards......Page 113
5.2.3.1. General information on the process of mapping avalanches......Page 114
5.2.3.2. General principles to build a synthesis map of natural hazards upon existing cartographic documents......Page 116
5.2.3.3. A method to characterize potential avalanche terrain......Page 117
5.2.5. Building up the natural forest-hazard synthesis map......Page 124
5.2.6. Building up the map of socio-economic issues and vulnerability......Page 125
5.2.7. Building up the priority areas for forestry action map......Page 126
5.3. Perspectives......Page 127
5.4.1.1. Objectives......Page 128
5.4.2. Transfer from researchers to users......Page 129
5.4.3. The method used......Page 130
5.4.5. Reflections and perspectives......Page 133
5.6. Bibliography......Page 134
6.1. Understanding forest fire risks......Page 137
6.1.2. Description of the phenomenon......Page 138
6.1.3.1. Forest fire hazard......Page 139
6.1.3.3. Specific issues......Page 143
6.1.4. A spatio-temporal variation of forest fire risk......Page 144
6.2.1.1. Chronological evolution in the field of forest fire risk mapping......Page 145
6.2.1.2. Town planning requirements......Page 146
6.2.1.3. Forest management requirements......Page 147
6.2.2. Forest fire risk assessment and mapping: the use of geographic information systems......Page 148
6.2.2.1. Towards a risk analysis approach......Page 149
6.2.2.2. Implementing traditional spatial analysis tools to assess forest fire risks......Page 154
6.2.2.3. Coupling to models......Page 157
6.3. Using GIS to map forest fire risks......Page 159
6.3.1.1. Analytical approach: the example of fire propagation hazard......Page 160
6.3.1.2. Towards a global approach: characterization of interfaces with the use of remote sensing......Page 163
6.3.2.1. Model systems and knowledge-based systems for the processing of knowledge......Page 165
6.3.2.2. WILFRIED, a PSE dedicated to forest fire prevention......Page 166
6.4. Conclusion......Page 169
6.5. Bibliography......Page 170
7.1. Introduction......Page 173
7.2.1. The cooperation issue between the information systems......Page 174
7.2.2. The various approaches aiming at facilitating this type of cooperation......Page 175
7.3.1. The multi-agent paradigm......Page 176
7.3.2. Intelligent software agents......Page 177
7.3.3. A proposed intelligent software agent model......Page 179
7.4.1. Context of the experiment......Page 180
7.4.3. First part of the scenario......Page 182
7.4.4. Second part of the scenario......Page 183
7.4.5. An example of problem solving......Page 187
7.5. Conclusions and perspectives......Page 188
7.6. Bibliography......Page 189
8.1. Introduction......Page 191
8.2. Flood monitoring and warning......Page 192
8.3. Situation diversity......Page 193
8.3.1. Spatial information for a better understanding of the phenomenon......Page 195
8.3.2. Spatial information for flood impact assessment......Page 196
8.4.1. Hydrological observing networks......Page 197
8.4.2. Data processing......Page 198
8.5. Conclusion......Page 200
8.6. Bibliography......Page 201
9.1. Introduction......Page 203
9.2.2. Frequency......Page 204
9.2.3.2. An accurate analysis of the fluvial landform development......Page 207
9.2.3.4. How does society use space?......Page 208
9.2.3.5. Extension of liable-to-flooding riverside areas lacking hydrological monitoring......Page 209
9.3. A concrete example......Page 210
9.4. Bibliography......Page 212
10.1. Context......Page 215
10.2. Analysis of the current situation for the management of diked areas......Page 217
10.3. Spatial dimension and integrated management of diked areas......Page 219
10.4. Examples of information systems dedicated to diked areas......Page 220
10.4.1. An information system at the national level for dike inventory......Page 221
10.4.2. An information system at the regional level to analyze dike failure risks in the Mid-Loire region......Page 222
10.4.3.1. Functional analysis of the diked system......Page 225
10.4.3.2. Conceptual modeling and prototyping......Page 226
10.4.3.3. Examples of results......Page 231
10.5. Recent progress and perspectives......Page 234
10.6. Bibliography......Page 235
11.1.1. An overview......Page 237
11.1.2. City: a much sought after security area......Page 238
11.1.4. Geomatics as a data structuring and management tool......Page 239
11.2.2. Government and institutional stakeholders......Page 240
11.2.3. Municipal stakeholders and the populations they represent......Page 241
11.2.5. Insurance agents......Page 242
11.2.6. Scientific stakeholders......Page 243
11.2.7. Compelled to live with an identified risk......Page 244
11.3.1. Urban reference systems and the expected connection with the digitizing of cadastral maps......Page 245
11.3.2. Managing experience......Page 246
11.3.3. Knowledge and modeling of phenomena......Page 248
11.3.5. Reducing vulnerability......Page 249
11.3.6. Risk assessment......Page 250
11.3.7. Macro and microeconomic approach......Page 251
11.3.9. Consultation, public information, training and culture......Page 252
11.4.1. Geomatics......Page 254
11.4.2.2. Data of phenomena......Page 255
11.4.2.3. Data related to exposed elements......Page 256
11.4.3.1. Modeling phenomena......Page 257
11.4.3.3. Understanding social and economic behavior......Page 258
11.4.4. Task analysis and support to complete and control them......Page 259
11.4.5. Managing experience and knowledge......Page 260
11.4.6. Quantified and hierarchical appreciation of the risks involved......Page 261
11.5.1. Examples from Lyon: the information system of the service of Balmes and the GERICO project......Page 262
11.5.2. An Alpine concern: avalanche risk management......Page 264
11.5.4. The RADIUS project of the international decade for natural disaster reduction (Décennie internationale pour la prevention des catastrophes naturelles (DIPCN))......Page 265
11.5.6. The CŒUR project in preparation between the Rhône-Alpine and Mediterranean cities......Page 266
11.6. Assessment and outlook: fundamental elements of future systems......Page 267
11.6.2. Phenomena......Page 268
11.7. Bibliography......Page 269
List of Authors......Page 271
Index......Page 273