Abstract
This study investigated the spatial magnetic gradient effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) on endothelial tubular formation by applying the maximum spatial gradient to a target site of culture wells for cell growth. The respective maximum values of magnetic flux density (B~max~), magnetic flux gradient (G~max~) and the magnetic force product of the magnetic flux density and its gradient (a parameter of magnetic force) were 120 mT, 28 mT/mm and 1428 mT^2^/mm. The effects of gradient SMF on tubular formation were compared with those of uniform SMF that has no spatial gradients on the entire bottom area of culture wells. Five experimental groups of 25 samples each were examined: (1) sham exposure (control); (2) peak gradient exposure in the peripheral part; (3) peak gradient exposure in the central part; (4) uniform exposure to 20 mT; (5) uniform exposure to 120 mT. The SMF or sham exposure was carried out for 10 days. Photomicrographs of tubular cells, immunostained with an anti‐platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1 [CD31]) antibody as a pan‐endothelial marker, were analyzed after the 10‐day culture. Gradient SMF in the peripheral or central part was found to significantly promote tubular formation in terms of the area density and length of tubules in each peak gradient/force part of the wells, compared with the sham exposure. In contrast, uniform SMF did not induce any significant change in the tubular formation. These findings suggest that tubule formation can be promoted by applying the peak gradient/force to a target site of culture wells. Bioelectromagnetics 29:233–236, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.