Spatial Cognition VI. Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space: International Conference Spatial Cognition 2008, Freiburg, Germany, September ... (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

✍ Scribed by Nora S. Newcombe Christian Freksa Peter Gardenfors

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 455
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Cognition, Spatial Cognition 2008, held in Freiburg, Germany, in September 2008. The 27 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited lectures were carefully reviewed and selected from 54 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on spatial orientation, spatial navigation, spatial learning, maps and modalities, spatial communication, spatial language, similarity and abstraction, concepts and reference frames, as well as spatial modeling and spatial reasoning.

✦ Table of Contents

Title Page
Preface
Conference Organization
Related Book Publications
Table of Contents
Virtual Reality as a Valuable Research Tool for Investigating Different Aspects of Spatial Cognition
References
On the “Whats” and “Hows” of “Where”: The Role of Salience in Spatial Descriptions
References
Learning about Space
Does Body Orientation Matter When Reasoning about Depicted or Described Scenes?
Introduction
Experiment 1
Method
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Experiment 2
Method
Procedure
Results
Discussion and Cross-Experiment Analyses
General Discussion
References
Spatial Memory and Spatial Orientation
Introduction
Long-Term Spatial Memory
Sensorimotor Spatial Memory
Spatial Orientation
Environmental Cues to Spatial Orientation
Path Integration
Spatial Orientation Using Path Integration and Environmental Cues
Summary and Conclusions
References
Map-Based Spatial Navigation: A Cortical Column Model for Action Planning
Introduction
Cortical Columnar Organisation: A Computational Principle?
Related Work
Methods
Single Neurone Model
Encoding Space and Actions: Minicolumn and Column Model
Unsupervised Growing Network Scheme for Topological Map Learning
Action Planning
Behavioural Task and Simulated Agent
Theoretical Analysis
Results
Spatial Behaviour
Analysis of Neural Activities
Discussion
References
Efficient Wayfinding in Hierarchically Regionalized Spatial Environments
Introduction
Region Hierarchy
Formal Definition
Clustering
Wayfinding
Algorithm
Complexity
Comparison
Discussion
References
Analyzing Interactions between Navigation Strategies Using a Computational Model of Action Selection
Introduction
Methods and Simulation
Navigation Model
Simulated Environment and Protocol
Data Analysis
Results
Learning across and within Session
Role of Interactions between the MFe and the MBe in the Control Group
Interactions between MFe and MBe
Discussion
Competition and Cooperation
Synergistic Interactions and Dependence of an Expert on Another One
Further Work
Conclusion
References
A Minimalistic Model of Visually Guided Obstacle Avoidance and Path Selection Behavior
Introduction
Part 1: Behavioral Study
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion
Part 2: A Visually Guided Model of Obstacle Avoidance and Path Selection
1D Model without Depth Information
Model Evaluation
Discussion
Outlook: Models Incorporating Depth Information
Conclusion
References
Route Learning Strategies in a Virtual ClutteredEnvironment
Introduction
Synopsis and Predictions
MaterialandMethods
Participants
Virtual Environment
Experimental Setup
Procedure
Data Analysis
Results
Training Phase
No-Local-Objects Condition
Fog Condition
Discussion
References
Learning with Virtual Verbal Displays: Effects of Interface Fidelity on Cognitive Map Development
Introduction
Experiment 1
Method
Design and Procedure
Results and Discussion
Experiment 2
Method
Results and Discussion
Experiment 3
Method
Results and Discussion
General Discussion
References
Cognitive Surveying: A Framework for Mobile Data Collection, Analysis, and Visualization of Spatial Knowledge and Navigation Practices
Introduction
Cognitive Surveying
Hardware
Mobile Data Collection
Data Analysis and Visualization
Moving, Traveling, Navigating
Spatial Knowledge
Landmarks and Other Locations
Directions and Distances
Learning
Regions
Spatial Ability and Other Individual Differences
User Assistance and Location-Based Services
The Environment
Further Research and Conclusion
References
What Do Focus Maps Focus On?
Introduction
Maps and Map-Based Assistance
The Concept of Focus in Map Design
Implementation
Toolbox for Schematic Maps
Basic Operations for Focus Maps
A Generic Way of Generating Focus Maps
Empirical Results
Focusin3D
Conclusions
References
Locating Oneself on a Map in Relation to Person Qualities and Map Characteristics
Introduction
Finding Oneself on a Map
Map Qualities
Spatial Skills and the Campus Mapping Task
Simulating Environmental Mapping
Summary
Method
Campus Mapping Task
Computer Mapping Tasks
Spatial Tasks
Results
Performance on the Campus Mapping Task
Campus Mapping Task and Map Variables
Campus Mapping Task and Participant Variables
Computer Mapping Task and Participant Qualities
Relating Performance on Campus and Computer Mapping Tasks
Discussion
Performance and Strategies on the Campus Mapping Task and Their Relation to Map Characteristics
Predictors of Success on Campus and Computer Mapping Tasks
Computer Screens Are Not Real Environments
Conclusions
References
Conflicting Cues from Vision and Touch Can Impair Spatial Task Performance: Speculations on the Role of Spatial Ability in Reconciling Frames of Reference
Introduction
The Relationship between Vision and Touch
Representation of the Hands in the Body Schema
Body Schema Can Be Influenced by Visual Experience
Spatial Coding and the Parietal Cortex
The Parietal Lobe and Adaptability of Spatial Frames of Reference
The Set-Up in Our Study and in Typical Hand Assisted Surgery
Method
Participants
Apparatus
Design
Procedure
Results
Discussion
References
Epistemic Actions in Science Education
Introduction
Epistemic Actions in Our Geoscience Field Study
Situation #1: Participant Moves Rejected Models Out of View
Situation #2: Participant Moves Two Candidate Models Side by Side
Situation #3: Participant Moves Candidate Model Adjacent to Inscriptions
Situation #4: Participant Rotates Model to Align with the Referent Space
Situation #5: Participant Rips Up Inscriptions, and Reorders Them in Space
Other Occurrences of Epistemic Actions in Science Education
Discussion
Are Epistemic Actions Consciously Purposeful?
Are Epistemic Actions Always Spatial?
Taxonomies of Epistemic Actions
Epistemic Actions and the Duality Principle of Representations
Conclusions and Directions for Further Research
References
An Influence Model for Reference Object Selection in Spatially Locative Phrases
Introduction
Reference Objects in Spatially Locative Phrases
Spatial Language Generation
Scope of the Investigation
Structure of Paper
Reference Object Characteristics
Linguistic Investigations
Landmark Characteristics
Processing a Locative Phrase
Three Primary Influences on Reference Object Suitability
Influences on Reference Locatability
Searching for the Target Object
Communication Cost
Discussion: Implementation Possibilities for the Influence Model
Computational Structure
Model Output
Complexity of the Model
Training Data Set
Simple and Compound Locative Phrases
Conclusions, Further Work
References
Tiered Models of Spatial Language Interpretation
Introduction
The Structure of Verbal Routes
Computational Models of Route Interpretation
Towards an Action Oriented View of Route Interpretation
The Logical Surface of Route Instructions
The Embodiment Model
Spatial Representation
Action Schemas
Route Interpretation through Interactive Plan Construction
Model Application and Evaluation
Implementation Description
Study 1: Human-Human Gold Standard
Study 2: Human-Computer Interaction
Discussion and Outlook
References
Perspective Use and Perspective Shift in Spatial Dialogue
Introduction
Perspective Use in Spatial Dialogue
Method
Participants
Apparatus
Stimuli
Procedure
Results and Discussion
Preferred Perspective Use
Speaker Coordination and Efficiency
Perspective Use across the Interaction Span
Perspective Shift/Switch
Conclusions
References
Natural Language Meets Spatial Calculi
Introduction
Linguistic Spatial Semantics
Linguistic Specifications in the Generalized Upper Model
Orientation-Related Linguistic Spatial Relationships
Orientation Calculi and External Aspects
The Double-Cross Calculus
External Spatial Aspects in Linguistic Semantics
Non-linguistic Spatial Aspects of Projective Relations in GUM
Multi-dimensional Formalisms and Perspectivism
From Counterparts to \E-Connections
Perspectival \E-Connections
Layered Expressivity: External Descriptions and Context
Perspectival E-Connections in \Hets
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Automatic Classification of Containment and Support Spatial Relations in English and Dutch
Introduction
Gentner and Bowerman’s Study of English/Dutch Prepositions
Experiment
Motivation for Our Simulation Study
Simulation Background
Simulating Similarity Via Analogical Matching
Progressive Alignment and SEQL
CogSketch
ResearchCyc
Experiment
Materials
Method
Results
Error Analysis
Discussion
Related Wor
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Integral vs. Separable Attributes in Spatial Similarity Assessments
Introduction
Similarity Measures
Similarity at the Attribute Level
Similarity at the Object Level
Object Similarity Simulation
Comparisons of Ranked Lists
Test Parameters
Visualization of Similarity Scores
Experiment Results and Interpretation
Conclusions
References
Spatial Abstraction: Aspectualization, Coarsening, and Conceptual Classification
Introduction
A Formal View on Facets of Abstraction
Aspectualization
Coarsening
Conceptual Classification
Abstraction and Representation
Abstraction in Agent Control Processes
Knowledge Transfer of Simulation Strategies to a Real Robot
The Task
Learning a Policy in Simulation
Extracting General Navigation Behavior
Using the Aspectualized Strategy on a Mobile Robot
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Representing Concepts in Time
Introduction
Related Work
Concepts
Conceptual Spaces
Time Geography
A Spatio-temporal Metaphor for Representing Concepts in Time
Representational Aspects
Metaphorical Mapping
Within- and between-Conceptual-Space Changes
Formal Model of Conceptual Change in Time
Algebraic Specifications
Formal Model
Application: Geospatial Concept Change in Time
Conclusions and Future Work
Bibliography
The Network of Reference Frames Theory: A Synthesis of Graphs and Cognitive Maps
Introduction
Graph Representations and Cognitive Maps
Problems with Graph Representations and Cognitive Maps
The Network of Reference Frames Theory
Representation
Encoding
Self-localization by Recognition
Route Navigation by Activation Spread
Survey Navigation by Imagination
The Network of Reference Frames Theory in the Theoretical and the Empirical Context
The Network of Reference Frames Theory Compared to Graph Representations and Cognitive Maps
Vista Space Reference Frames as the Basic Unit in the Representation of Environmental Spaces
Egocentric and Allocentric Reference Frames
The Relation between Vista Space Reference Frames: Network vs. Hierarchy
Asymmetry in Spatial Memory
Conclusions
References
Spatially Constrained Grammars for Mobile Intention Recognition
Introduction
From Spatio-temporal Behavior to Intentions
Mobile Intention Recognition
Parsing Behavior Sequences
Reducing Parsing Ambiguities by Adding Spatial Knowledge
Spatially Constrained Grammars
Spatially Constrained Context-Free Grammars
Cross-Dependencies: A Parallel to NLP
Tree-Adjoining Grammars
Spatially Constrained Tree-Adjoining Grammars
Parsing Spatially Constrained Grammars
Related Work
Conclusion and Outlook
References
Modeling Cross-Cultural Performance on the Visual Oddity Task
Introduction
Modeling Comparison Via Analogy
Structure-Mapping Engine
MAGI
SEQL
Modeling Qualitative Representation Via CogSketch
CogSketch
Representing the Oddity Task Stimuli
Modeling the Oddity Task
Theoretical Claims of Model
Modeling the Process
Controlling the Processing
Simulation
Model Accuracy
Modeling Problem Difficulty
Related Work
Discussion
References
Modelling Scenes Using the Activity within Them
Introduction and Motivation
Related Work
Feature Detection and Tracking
Spatial Quantization: Histograms of Features
Dominant Patterns of Motion
Using Dominant Direction to Categorise Regions
Region Classification Using Unsupervised Learning
Evaluation
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Pareto-Optimality of Cognitively Preferred Polygonal Hulls for Dot Patterns
Introduction
Previous Work
The Scope of the Inquiry
Pilot Study
NextSteps
References
The Dot Patterns Used in the Pilot Study
Area-Perimeter Plots for Pilot Study Dot Patterns
Pareto Fronts, with Pilot Study Responses
Qualitative Reasoning about Convex Relations
Introduction
Qualitative Calculi
Algebraic Structure of Qualitative Calculi
Strong and Weak Operations
Constraint Based Qualitative Reasoning
Reasoning about Relative Orientation
Deciding Global Consistency
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Table of Composable l/r Triples
Author Index