Solid-State Mid-Infrared Laser Sources Topics in Applied Physics

✍ Scribed by Irina T. Sorokina, Konstantin L. Vodopyanov

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2003
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 600
• Series: Topics in Applied Physics
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book describes the most advanced techniques for generating coherent light in the mid-infrared region of the spectrum. These techniques represent diverse areas of photonics and include heterojunction semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade lasers, tunable crystalline lasers, fiber lasers, Raman lasers, and optical parametric laser sources. Offering authoritative reviews by internationally recognized experts, the book provides a wealth of information on the essential principles and methods of the generation of coherent mid-infrared light and on some of its applications. The instructive nature of the book makes it an excellent text for physicists and practicing engineers who want to use mid-infrared laser sources in spectroscopy, medicine, remote sensing and other fields, and for researchers in various disciplines requiring a broad introduction to the subject.

✦ Table of Contents

cover.jpg......Page 1
front-matter.pdf......Page 2
Solid-State Mid-Infrared Laser Sources......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Introduction......Page 17
Historical......Page 19
Typical Heterojunction Laser Structure......Page 21
Maximum Temperature of Operation......Page 24
Threshold Current Limitations......Page 25
Maximum Operating Temperature in the 2--522m Wavelength Domain......Page 27
Antimonide Quantum Well Laser Diodes for the 2--322m Spectral Range......Page 29
Strained GaInAsSb Alloys and Quantum Wells......Page 30
Fabrication of Antimonide Quantum Well Laser Diodes......Page 36
Antimonide QW Laser Diodes for the 2.0--2.322m Spectral Range......Page 39
GaInAsSb QW Laser Diodes Emitting beyond 2.322m......Page 44
Characterization of Antimonide-Based Laser Diodes Dedicated to Gas Detection......Page 49
Laser Diode Characterization for Gas Detection Applications......Page 50
Tuning Properties of Antimonide-Based Laser Diodes......Page 52
Gas Detection with Antimonide-Based Laser Diodes......Page 54
3--522m Interband Type-II Laser Diodes......Page 56
InAsSb/InAs Type-II Multi-qantum Well Laser......Page 57
InAs/GaInSb Type-III W'' Laser......Page 61<br>Conclusion......Page 64<br>References......Page 66<br>Index......Page 76<br>Introduction......Page 78<br>Basic Working Principles of QC Lasers......Page 81<br>Gain Region with Double-phonon Resonance......Page 83<br>Surface Grating with Lateral Current Injection......Page 85<br>Junction Down Mounting......Page 87<br>Measurement Setup......Page 88<br>Edge Emitting DFB Laser at 1022m......Page 89<br>Surface Emitting 1022m DFB Laser......Page 91<br>Improved Average Power Operation at 1022m......Page 93<br>High Temperature Operation at 5.322m......Page 94<br>DFB Lasers with InP Over-Grown Grating......Page 97<br>High Power Junction Down Mounted Lasers......Page 99<br>Room Temperature Continuous Wave Operation of QC Lasers......Page 101<br>Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy......Page 103<br>Optical Data Link Using a QC Laser......Page 106<br>References......Page 109<br>Index......Page 114<br>Introduction to Tunable Mid-IR Laser Sources......Page 116<br>Frequency Conversion Processes......Page 119<br>Nonlinear Optical Coefficient......Page 122<br>Phase Matching......Page 124<br>Birefringent Phase Matching......Page 126<br>Acceptance Angle and Acceptance Bandwidth......Page 128<br>Conversion Efficiency......Page 129<br>Quasi-phase-matching......Page 133<br>Material Considerations......Page 137<br>Selection of Nonlinear Medium......Page 138<br>Pump and Signal Laser Sources for Difference Frequency Generation......Page 140<br>Difference Frequency Laser Sources Applied in Gas Sensing......Page 141<br>Experimental Set-Up and System Performance......Page 144<br>Nd:YAG Pump Laser......Page 145<br>External Cavity Diode Laser......Page 146<br>Tuning with Periodically Poled LiNbO3......Page 147<br>Photoacoustic Spectroscopy......Page 148<br>Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy......Page 149<br>Medicine......Page 150<br>Examples of Gas Spectroscopy Performed with Our DFG Laser Source......Page 151<br>Conclusions and Outlook......Page 154<br>References......Page 155<br>Index......Page 160<br>Introduction......Page 163<br>Principle of OPO Operation......Page 164<br>Comparison of NLO Materials......Page 167<br>OPOs Based on PP LN......Page 168<br>OPOs Based on PP KTP and PP RTA......Page 171<br>OPOs Using Conventional Phase-matching in Oxides......Page 173<br>Comparison of NLO Materials Suitable for >522m......Page 175<br>OPOs Based on AGS and AGSe......Page 176<br>OPOs Based on ZGP......Page 177<br>OPOs Based on Other Crystals......Page 182<br>Traveling-Wave Optical Parametric Generators (OPGs)......Page 183<br>OPGs Based on PP LN......Page 184<br>OPGs Based on ZGP......Page 185<br>OPGs Based on GaSe......Page 186<br>Narrow-Linewidth OPOs......Page 187<br>Using Intracavity Spectral-Narrowing Elements......Page 188<br>Narrow-Linewidth Optical Parametric Generator--Optical Parametric Amplifier (OPG--OPA) Systems......Page 189<br>OPOs with Injection Seeding......Page 190<br>Using a Doubly Resonant Cavity......Page 191<br>Emerging Nonlinear Optical Materials for Mid-IR Applications......Page 193<br>Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 195<br>References......Page 196<br>Index......Page 201<br>Introduction......Page 203<br>Optical Parametric Process......Page 205<br>Optical Parametric Gain......Page 207<br>Optical Parametric Amplification......Page 208<br>Mid-Infrared Parametric Generation......Page 210<br>Nonlinear Material......Page 212<br>Laser Pump Source......Page 214<br>Mid-Infrared Nonlinear Materials......Page 215<br>Mid-Infrared Ultrafast OPOs......Page 220<br>Mid-Infrared Picosecond OPOs......Page 221<br>Mid-Infrared Femtosecond OPOs......Page 225<br>Mid-Infrared Continuous-Wave OPOs......Page 231<br>Summary......Page 236<br>References......Page 238<br>Index......Page 243<br>Introduction......Page 244<br>Fiber Materials......Page 245<br>Silicates......Page 246<br>Ceramics......Page 247<br>Fiber Designs for Cladding Pumping......Page 248<br>Fiber-Laser Resonators......Page 250<br>Spectroscopic and Laser Properties of Rare-Earth Ions......Page 251<br>Spectra of Rare-Earth Ions in Glasses......Page 252<br>Intraionic Processes......Page 253<br>Interionic Processes......Page 255<br>Overview of Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers......Page 257<br>Three-Level Lasers at 1.9--2.022m......Page 258<br>Four-Level Lasers at 2.3--2.522m......Page 259<br>Holmium-Doped Fiber Lasers at 2.122m and 2.922m......Page 260<br>Three-Level Lasers at 2.122m......Page 261<br>Four-Level Lasers at 2.922m......Page 262<br>Excited-State Absorption and Cascade Lasing......Page 263<br>Lifetime Quenching by Pr3+ Co-Doping......Page 264<br>Energy Recycling by Energy-Transfer Upconversion......Page 265<br>Fiber Lasers at Wavelengths Beyond 322m......Page 267<br>Future Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers......Page 268<br>Conclusions......Page 269<br>References......Page 270<br>Index......Page 279<br>Introduction......Page 281<br>Historical Overview......Page 283<br>Principles of Solid-State Lasers......Page 286<br>Ion-Host Interaction: Octahedrally versus Tetrahedrally Coordinated Ions, Energy Levels, Configurational-Coordinate Model......Page 287<br>Intra- and Interionic Interactions: Ground-State Absorption, Excited-State Absorption and Upconversion......Page 297<br>Energy Transfer Processes......Page 300<br>Influence of Spectroscopic Parameters on Laser Properties......Page 307<br>Reaching the Threshold......Page 309<br>Pump Sources......Page 311<br>Cavity Design......Page 312<br>Tuning Methods......Page 315<br>Q-switched and Mode-Locked Operation......Page 318<br>Mid-Infrared Lasers......Page 320<br>Ni2+--, Co2+--Doped Lasers......Page 321<br>Cr2+--, Fe2+--Doped Lasers......Page 325<br>Color Center Lasers......Page 336<br>Tm3+-- and Ho3+--Doped Lasers......Page 340<br>Er3+--Doped Lasers......Page 345<br>Conclusion and Outlook......Page 347<br>References......Page 349<br>Index......Page 377<br>Introduction (Historical and Theoretical Background)......Page 378<br>Nanosecond SRS Based on Ba(NO3)2 Crystals......Page 382<br>LiIO3 Raman Lasers......Page 388<br>Picosecond Raman Lasers Based on KGW Crystals......Page 389<br>Nanosecond Raman Lasers Based on KGW Crystals......Page 393<br>Search for New SRS Materials and Comparative Spectroscopy Study......Page 395<br>New BaWO4 SRS Crystals......Page 398<br>BaWO4 and SrWO4 Nanosecond Raman Lasers......Page 399<br>Mid-IR BaWO4 Raman Laser......Page 401<br>BaWO4 Picosecond Raman Frequency Shifters......Page 403<br>PbWO4 SRS Shifters and Raman Lasers......Page 406<br>Diode-Pumped CW Raman Fiber Lasers......Page 407<br>Raman Fiber Lasers Based on Germanosilicate Fibers......Page 408<br>Phosphosilicate Fiber-Based Raman Lasers......Page 409<br>References......Page 415<br>Index......Page 425<br>Introduction......Page 428<br>Theory of THz-Wave Parametric Generation Using Polaritons......Page 430<br>Injection-Seeded THz-Wave Parametric Generator (is-TPG)......Page 433<br>Experimental Setup......Page 434<br>Power Enhancement......Page 435<br>Spectrum Narrowing......Page 437<br>Wide Tunability......Page 439<br>Arrayed Silicon Prism Coupler for a THz-Wave Parametric Oscillator......Page 442<br>Experimental Setup......Page 443<br>Experimental Results......Page 444<br>Tunable THz-Wave Generation from DAST Crystal Using Dual Signal-Wave Parametric Oscillation of PPLN......Page 447<br>Experimental Setup......Page 448<br>Experimental Results......Page 449<br>Conclusion......Page 450<br>References......Page 451<br>Index......Page 455<br>Introduction......Page 456<br>Photoconductive Switch......Page 457<br>Quantum Confined Structure......Page 462<br>Semiconductor Surface......Page 468<br>Nonlinear Optical Process......Page 471<br>References......Page 473<br>Index......Page 476<br>Solid-State Mid-IR Spectroscopic Laser Sources......Page 477<br>Lead-Salt Diode Lasers......Page 479<br>Antimonide Diode Lasers......Page 482<br>Quantum Cascade Lasers......Page 483<br>Tunable Solid-State Lasers......Page 486<br>ClassB'' Laser Sources......Page 487
Near-IR Pump Laser Sources for Parametric Frequency Conversion......Page 488
Sources Based on Difference Frequency Generation (DFG)......Page 489
Tunable Optical Parametric Oscillators......Page 493
Fundamentals of Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Detection......Page 494
Spectroscopic Techniques: Signal Enhancement and Noise Reduction......Page 498
Balanced Beam and Balanced Ratiometric Detection (Noise Reduction)......Page 499
Wavelength and Frequency-Modulation Spectroscopy (Noise Reduction)......Page 502
Long Optical Path Length Spectroscopy (Signal Enhancement)......Page 504
Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy Methods (Signal Enhancement)......Page 505
Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy......Page 507
Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 508
Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy (Signal Enhancement)......Page 510
Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Applications......Page 512
Lead-Salt Diode Laser Based Spectrometer for Airborne Atmospheric Chemistry Studies......Page 513
Quantum-Cascade Laser Based Trace Gas Sensors in the Life Sciences......Page 518
Design and Applications of Fiber Based Difference Frequency Based Mid-IR Gas Sensors......Page 522
Summary and Outlook......Page 528
References......Page 529
Index......Page 544
Introduction......Page 549
Absorbers and Naturally Occurring Chromophores......Page 550
Erbium YAG Laser......Page 552
Photothermal Laser--Tissue Interaction......Page 554
Pulsed Versus CW Irradiation......Page 556
IR Photothermal Ablation......Page 559
Photospallation......Page 560
Histology and Histo-micrometry......Page 561
Experimental Photothermal Ablation Using Free Electron Lasers (FEL)......Page 562
The Influence of Specific Absorbers in the Target Material......Page 563
Feedback Laser Control......Page 565
Gynecology......Page 567
Neurosurgery......Page 568
Dermatology......Page 569
Dental Surgery......Page 571
Cardiovacular Surgery, Angioplasty......Page 573
Perspective of a Tuneable IR Laser Source......Page 574
References......Page 576
Index......Page 583
Index......Page 585