Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction

✍ Scribed by Elaine A. Moore, Lesley E. Smart

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 469
• Edition: 5
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction presents a wide range of the synthetic and physical techniques used to prepare and characterize solids. Going beyond this, this largely nonmathematical introduction to solid state chemistry includes the bonding and electronic, magnetic, electrical and optical properties of solids. Solids of particular interest – porous solids, superconductors and nanostructures are included. Practical examples of applications and modern developments are given. It offers students the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real-life situations and serve them well throughout their degree course.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Authors
Contributors
List of Units, Prefixes, and Constants
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Crystal Structures
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lattices and Unit Cells
1.2.1 Lattices
1.2.2 One- and Two-Dimensional Unit Cells
1.3 Symmetry
1.3.1 Symmetry Notation
1.3.2 Axes of Symmetry
1.3.3 Planes of Symmetry
1.3.4 Inversion
1.3.5 Inversion Axes and the Identity Element
1.3.6 Operations
1.4 Symmetry in Crystals
1.4.1 Translational Symmetry Elements
1.5 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells
1.5.1 Space Group Labels
1.5.2 Packing Diagrams
1.6 Close Packing
1.6.1 Body-Centred and Primitive Structures
1.7 Crystal Planes–Miller Indices
1.7.1 Interplanar Spacings
1.8 Crystalline Solids
1.8.1 Ionic Solids with Formula MX
1.8.2 Solids with General Formula MX2
1.8.3 Other Important Crystal Structures
1.8.4 Ionic Radii
1.8.5 Extended Covalent Arrays
1.8.6 Bonding in Crystals
1.8.7 Atomic Radii
1.8.8 Molecular Structures
1.9 Lattice Energy
1.9.1 Born–Haber Cycle
1.9.2 Calculating Lattice Energies
1.9.2.1 Computer Modeling
1.10 Summary
Questions
Chapter 2 Physical Methods for Characterizing Solids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 X-Ray Diffraction
2.2.1 Generation of X-Rays
2.2.2 Diffraction of X-Rays
2.3 Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
2.3.1 The Importance of Intensities
2.3.2 Solving Single Crystal Structures
2.3.3 High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction
2.4 Powder Diffraction
2.4.1 Powder Diffraction Patterns
2.4.2 Absences Due to Lattice Centring
2.4.3 Systematic Absences Due to Screw Axes and Glide Planes
2.4.4 Uses of Powder X-Ray Diffraction
2.4.4.1 Identification of Unknowns and Phase Purity
2.4.4.2 Crystallite Size
2.4.4.3 Following Reactions and Phase Diagrams
2.4.4.4 Structure Determination and the Rietveld Method
2.5 Neutron Diffraction
2.5.1 Uses of Neutron Diffraction
2.6 X-Ray Microscopy/X-Ray Computed Tomography
2.7 Electron Microscopy
2.7.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM
2.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM
2.7.3 Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (Cryo EM)
2.7.4 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, EDX (EDAX)
2.7.5 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, STEM
2.7.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, EELS
2.7.7 superSTEM
2.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy, SPM
2.8.1 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy, STM
2.9 Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM
2.10 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, XAS
2.10.1 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure, EXAFS
2.10.2 X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure, XANES, and Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure, NEXAFS
2.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
2.12 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
2.13 Thermal Analysis
2.13.1 Differential Thermal Analysis, DTA
2.13.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA
2.13.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC
2.13.4 Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, STA, and Coupling with Spectroscopic or Spectrometric Methods
2.14 Temperature Programmed Reduction, TPR
2.15 Other Techniques
2.16 Summary
Questions
Chapter 3 Synthesis of Solids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 High-Temperature Ceramic Methods
3.2.1 Direct Heating of Solids
3.2.2 Precursor Methods
3.2.3 Sol–Gel Methods
3.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis
3.4 Microwave Synthesis
3.5 Combustion Synthesis
3.6 High-Pressure Methods
3.6.1 Hydrothermal Methods
3.6.2 Using High-Pressure Gases
3.6.3 Using Hydrostatic Pressures
3.6.4 Using Ultrasound
3.7 Chemical Vapour Deposition
3.7.1 Preparation of Semiconductors
3.7.2 Diamond Films
3.7.3 Optical Fibres
3.7.4 Lithium Niobate
3.8 Preparing Single Crystals
3.8.1 Epitaxy Methods
3.8.2 Chemical Vapour Transport
3.8.3 Melt Methods
3.8.4 Solution Methods
3.9 Intercalation
3.10 Green Chemistry
3.11 Choosing a Method
Questions
Chapter 4 Solids: Bonding and Electronic Properties
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bonding in Solids: Free-Electron Theory
4.2.1 Electronic Conductivity
4.3 Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Theory
4.3.1 Simple Metals
4.4 Diamond, Si, and Ge: Semiconductors
4.4.1 Photoconductivity
4.4.2 Doped Semiconductors
4.4.3 p–n Junction and Field Effect Transistors
4.5 Bands in Compounds: Gallium Arsenide
4.6 Bands in d-Block Compounds: Transition Metal Monoxides
4.7 Summary
Questions
Chapter 5 Defects and Nonstoichiometry
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Point Defects and Their Concentration
5.2.1 Intrinsic Defects
5.2.2 Concentration of Defects
5.2.3 Extrinsic Defects
5.2.4 Defect Nomenclature
5.3 Nonstoichiometric Compounds
5.3.1 Nonstoichiometry in Wüstite (FeO) and MO-Type Oxides
5.3.2 Uranium Dioxide
5.3.3 Titanium Monoxide Structure
5.4 Extended Defects
5.4.1 CS Planes
5.4.2 Planar Intergrowths
5.4.3 Block Structures
5.4.4 Pentagonal Columns
5.4.5 Infinitely Adaptive Structures
5.5 Electronic Properties of Nonstoichiometric Oxides
5.6 Summary
Questions
Chapter 6 Solid-State Materials for Batteries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ionic Conductivity in Solids
6.3 Solid Electrolytes
6.3.1 Silver Ion Conductors
6.3.2 Lithium Ion Conductors
6.3.3 Sodium Ion Conductors
6.4 Lithium-Based Batteries
6.5 Sodium-Based Batteries
6.6 Summary
Questions
Chapter 7 Microporous and Mesoporous Solids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Zeolites
7.2.1 Silicates
7.2.2 Composition and Structure of Zeolites
7.2.3 Zeolite Nomenclature
7.2.4 Si/Al Ratios in Zeolites
7.2.5 Exchangeable Cations
7.2.6 Channels and Cavities
7.2.7 Synthesis of Zeolites
7.2.8 Uses of Zeolites
7.2.8.1 Adsorbents
7.2.8.2 Catalysts
7.3 Metal Organic Frameworks
7.3.1 Composition and Structure of MOFs
7.3.2 Synthesis of MOFs
7.3.3 Uses of MOFs
7.3.3.1 Storage and Separation
7.3.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis
7.3.3.3 Other Applications
7.3.4 Zeolite-like MOFs
7.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks
7.4.1 Structure of COFs
7.4.2 Synthesis of COFs
7.4.3 Uses of COFs
7.5 Other Porous Solids
7.5.1 Mesoporous Aluminosilicates
7.5.2 Clays
7.5.3 Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
7.6 Summary
Questions
Chapter 8 Optical Properties of Solids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Interaction of Light with Atoms
8.2.1 Ruby Laser
8.2.2 Phosphors in LEDs
8.3 Colour Centres
8.4 Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Continuous Solids
8.4.1 Gallium Arsenide Laser
8.4.2 Quantum Wells: Blue Lasers
8.4.3 Light-Emitting Diodes
8.4.4 Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells
8.5 Carbon-Based Conducting Polymers
8.5.1 Discovery of Polyacetylene
8.5.2 Bonding in Polyacetylene and Related Polymers
8.5.3 Organic LEDs and Photovoltaic Cells
8.6 Refraction
8.6.1 Calcite
8.6.2 Optical Fibres
8.7 Photonic Crystals
8.8 Metamaterials
8.9 Summary
Questions
Chapter 9 Magnetic and Electrical Properties
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Magnetic Susceptibility
9.3 Paramagnetism in Metal Complexes
9.4 Ferromagnetic Metals
9.4.1Ferromagnetic Domains
9.4.2 Permanent Magnets
9.4.3 Magnetic Shielding
9.5 Ferromagnetic Compounds: Chromium Dioxide
9.6 Antiferromagnetism: Transition Metal Monoxides
9.7 Ferrimagnetism: Ferrites
9.7.1 Magnetic Strips on Swipe Cards
9.8 Spiral Magnetism
9.9 Giant, Tunnelling, and Colossal Magnetoresistance
9.9.1 Giant Magnetoresistance
9.9.2 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance
9.9.3 Hard-Disk Read Heads
9.9.4 Colossal Magnetoresistance: Manganites
9.10 Electrical Polarisation
9.11 Piezoelectric Crystals: Α-Quartz
9.12 Ferroelectric Effect
9.12.1 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
9.13 Multiferroics
9.13.1 Type I Multiferroics: Bismuth Ferrite
9.13.2 Type II Multiferroics: Terbium Manganite
9.14 Summary
Questions
Chapter 10 Superconductivity
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Properties of Superconductors
10.2.1 Electrical Conductivity
10.2.2 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors
10.2.3 BCS Theory of Superconductivity
10.3 High-Temperature Superconductors
10.3.1 Cuprate Superconductors
10.3.2 Iron Superconductors
10.3.3 Theory of High-TC Superconductors
10.4 Uses of High-Temperature Superconductors
10.5 Summary
Questions
Chapter 11 Nanostructures
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Consequences of the Nanoscale
11.2.1 Nanoparticle Morphology
11.2.2 Electronic Structure
11.2.3 Optical Properties
11.2.4 Magnetic Properties
11.2.5 Mechanical Properties
11.2.6 Melting Temperature
11.3 Nanostructural Carbon
11.3.1 Carbon Black
11.3.2 Graphite
11.3.3 Intercalation Compounds of Graphite
11.3.4 Graphene
11.3.5 Graphene Oxide
11.3.6 Buckminsterfullerene
11.3.7 Carbon Nanotubes
11.4 Noncarbon Nanoparticles
11.4.1 Fumed Silica
11.4.2 Quantum Dots
11.4.3 Metal Nanoparticles
11.5 Other Noncarbon Nanostructures
11.6 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
11.6.1 Top-Down Methods
11.6.2 Bottom-Up Methods: Manipulating Atoms and Molecules
11.6.3 Synthesis Using Templates
11.7 Safety
11.8 Summary
Questions
Chapter 12 Sustainability
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Definition of Materials Sustainability
12.1.2 Sustainable Materials Chemistry Goals
12.1.3 Materials Dependence in Society
12.1.4 Elemental Abundances
12.1.5 Solid-State Chemistry’s Role in Sustainability
12.1.6 Material Life Cycle
12.2 Tools for Sustainable Approaches
12.2.1 Green Chemistry
12.2.2 Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI)
12.2.3 Embodied Energy
12.2.4 Exergy
12.2.5 Life Cycle Assessment
12.3 Case Study: Sustainability of a Smartphone
12.4 Concluding Remarks
Questions
Answers to Questions
Further Reading
Index