Solar Photovoltaic Energy

✍ Scribed by Anne Labouret, Michel Villoz

• Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 386
• Series: IET Renewable Energy Series 9
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Gives a detailed account of the physical phenomena as well as the available technology and technology currently in development-A professional manual on photovoltaic energy for designers, installers and managers Contents: What is solar photovoltaic energy? The components of a PV generator. The role of PV in sustainable development? Light in all its forms. Terrestrial solar radiation. Photovoltaic conversion. The function of the PV junction. Crystalline silicon cells and modules. Thin-film silicon cells and modules. CdTe modules. CIS and CIGS modules. Special modules. Grid-connected PV systems: feed-in principles and tariffs. Components for grid-connected systems. Grid-connected systems - sizing of integrated roofs. PV generator on a terrace roof or in open country. Typical 12.6 kW system in different countries. Grid company regulations. Cost analysis. Examples of installed systems. Components of a standalone systems. Appliances for standalone systems. Standalone applications in developed countries. Standalone applications in hot countries. Design of a standalone PV system. Case studies.

✦ Table of Contents

Solar Photovoltaic Energy......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 9
Foreword......Page 10
Introduction......Page 13
1.1.1 Electricity or heat?......Page 14
1.1.2 Is much sunshine necessarily needed?......Page 15
1.1.4 How much does a PV module generate?......Page 16
1.1.5 Should PV energy be stored?......Page 17
1.2.1.1 Stand-alone direct-coupled systems......Page 18
1.2.1.2 Stand-alone systems with battery......Page 19
1.2.1.3 Hybrid stand-alone systems......Page 23
1.2.2 Grid-connected systems......Page 24
1.2.2.1 The economics of the grid-connected system......Page 26
1.2.2.2 Example of the cost-effectiveness of a roof-integrated PV generator connected to the grid......Page 27
1.3.1 Impacts on the planet......Page 29
1.3.2 Human impacts......Page 30
2.1.1 Wave–particle duality......Page 32
2.1.2 Sources of light......Page 33
2.1.2.1 Types of sources of light......Page 35
2.1.2.2 Colour temperature......Page 37
2.2.1.1 Movements of the Earth......Page 39
2.2.2.1 Renewable energy......Page 40
2.2.2.3 Airmass......Page 41
2.2.2.4 Direct, diffuse and total radiation......Page 42
2.2.2.5 Solar spectrum......Page 44
2.2.3 Solar radiation on Earth......Page 45
2.2.3.1 Measuring instruments......Page 46
2.2.3.3 Using data......Page 48
2.3.1 The absorption of light......Page 52
2.3.2 The transfer of energy from protons into electric current......Page 55
2.3.3.1 Doping of semiconductors......Page 59
2.3.3.2 p–n and p–i–n junctions......Page 60
2.4.1.1 Short-circuit current and open circuit voltage......Page 61
2.4.1.2 Power and efficiency......Page 63
2.4.2 Spectral response......Page 64
3.1.1 Preparation of the silicon and the cells......Page 66
3.1.1.2 Manufacture of silicon wafers......Page 68
3.1.1.3 From the wafer to the classic cell......Page 71
3.1.1.4 Interdigitated back-contact solar cells......Page 72
3.1.1.5 Heterojunction cells called HIT or HIP......Page 73
3.1.2.1 Spectral response......Page 74
3.1.2.2 Current–voltage performances......Page 75
3.1.3 From cell to PV module......Page 77
3.1.3.1 Series connection......Page 78
3.1.3.2 Encapsulation and framing......Page 80
3.1.4 Electrical and climatic characteristics of modules......Page 82
3.1.4.1 Electrical parameters under illumination......Page 83
3.1.4.2 Life expectancy and certification......Page 85
3.1.4.3 Hotspots and bypass diodes......Page 88
3.1.5 Crystalline modules and manufacturers today......Page 89
3.1.6 Panel assembly......Page 90
3.2.2.1 The manufacture of hydrogenated amorphous silicon cells......Page 94
3.2.2.2 Performance of simple junction amorphous silicon cells......Page 96
3.2.4 Thin-film silicon multi-junction cells......Page 100
3.2.4.1 Microcrystalline and polymorphous silicon, micromorph cells......Page 101
3.2.5.1 Manufacture of modules......Page 102
3.2.5.2 Certification and life expectancy......Page 105
3.2.5.3 Current amorphous modules and their manufacturers......Page 106
3.3 CdTe modules......Page 108
3.4 CIS and CIGS modules......Page 112
3.5.1 Flexible modules......Page 114
3.5.2.1 Roofing products......Page 116
3.5.2.2 Facade and window elements......Page 119
4 Grid-connected photovoltaic installations......Page 124
4.1 Grid-connected PV systems: feed-in principles and tariffs......Page 125
4.2.1 PV panels for the grid......Page 126
4.2.1.1 Criteria for choosing grid-connected panels......Page 128
4.2.2.2 Mounting......Page 130
4.2.3 Grid inverters......Page 134
4.2.3.2 Technology......Page 135
4.2.3.3 Criteria for choosing grid inverters......Page 136
4.3.1.1 Inverter power......Page 137
4.3.2.1 Preliminary study......Page 142
4.3.2.2 Integrated PV roof of 450 m2......Page 143
4.3.2.3 Optimisation of the final system......Page 152
4.4.1 Installation on racks......Page 155
4.4.2 Solar trajectory and shading......Page 157
4.4.3 Trackers......Page 158
4.4.3.1 1 ha available......Page 159
4.5 Typical 12.6 kW system in different countries......Page 162
4.6.2 PV array......Page 169
4.6.4 Protective devices and control box......Page 170
4.7.1 Cost and revenue analysis of 12 kW solar panel generators......Page 172
4.7.2 Cost of PV electricity......Page 173
4.8 Examples of installed systems......Page 175
4.8.1 3 kW villa......Page 176
4.8.2 110 kW solar farm......Page 177
4.8.3 167 kW agricultural shed......Page 179
5.1.1 Storage of energy......Page 184
5.1.1.1 Lead batteries......Page 185
5.1.1.2 Nickel batteries......Page 196
5.1.1.3 Lithium batteries......Page 199
5.1.1.4 Future trends......Page 200
5.1.2 Charge controllers......Page 205
5.1.2.1 Functions......Page 206
5.1.2.2 Regulator technologies......Page 214
5.1.2.3 Regulator accessories and special considerations......Page 218
5.1.2.4 Criteria of choice of regulators......Page 219
5.1.3 Converters......Page 221
5.1.3.1 DC/DC converters......Page 222
5.1.3.2 DC/AC inverters for stand-alone installations......Page 224
5.1.4.1 Lightning protection......Page 228
5.1.4.2 Recommendations for lightning protection – summary......Page 231
5.1.4.4 Programmable switch......Page 232
5.2.1 The golden rule: economy of energy......Page 235
5.2.1.1 DC or AC......Page 236
5.2.2.2 Fluorescent lamps......Page 237
5.2.3.1 Refrigeration......Page 240
5.2.4.1 Direct solar pumps......Page 241
5.2.4.2 Water distribution under pressure......Page 242
5.3 Stand-alone applications in developed countries......Page 244
5.3.1.1 Composition of a PV system......Page 245
5.3.1.2 Appliances – DC or AC?......Page 246
5.3.1.3 Consumer behaviour and backup energy source......Page 247
5.3.2.1 Telecommunications applications......Page 248
5.3.2.2 Transport......Page 249
5.3.2.4 Cathodic protection......Page 251
5.3.2.6 Urban applications......Page 253
5.3.3 Portable electronics and leisure applications......Page 254
5.4.1 Essential needs......Page 257
5.4.2.1 Solar home systems......Page 258
5.4.2.2 Solar lantern......Page 259
5.4.2.3 Solar charging unit......Page 260
5.4.3.2 Advantages of 24 V DC......Page 261
5.4.3.3 24 V agricultural or craft equipment......Page 262
5.4.3.4 Applications without motorisation......Page 264
5.4.4 PV pumping......Page 266
5.4.4.2 Sizing......Page 267
5.4.5.1 Sizing......Page 270
5.4.5.2 Operation of the system......Page 272
5.5.1 Procedure......Page 273
5.5.2.2 The appliance’s energy requirement......Page 276
5.5.3.1 Orientation and pitch of the modules......Page 279
5.5.3.2 Meteorological data......Page 280
5.5.4.1 Calculation of system peak power......Page 281
5.5.4.2 Module technology......Page 287
5.5.4.3 Operating voltage and structure of PV array......Page 288
5.5.5 Sizing storage and the regulator (stages 4 and 5)......Page 289
5.5.5.2 Calculation of battery capacity......Page 290
5.5.5.3 Choice of type of battery......Page 292
5.5.5.4 Charge controller sizing......Page 293
5.5.6.1 Choice of wiring sections......Page 295
5.5.6.2 Direct current......Page 296
5.5.6.3 Alternating current......Page 297
5.5.7.1 Installation and maintenance of modules......Page 298
5.5.7.2 Installation and maintenance of batteries......Page 304
5.5.7.3 Installation and maintenance of the charge controller and other components......Page 309
5.6.1 Telemetering in Normandy......Page 312
5.6.1.1 Technical specifications......Page 313
5.6.1.2 Analysis and technical solutions......Page 316
5.6.1.3 Configurations adopted and installation......Page 324
5.6.2.1 Situation and requirements......Page 326
5.6.2.2 Choice of equipment......Page 328
5.6.2.3 System installation......Page 331
5.6.3.1 List of requirements......Page 334
5.6.3.2 Choice of appliances and consumption......Page 336
5.6.3.3 Sizing and installation of the PV systems......Page 338
5.6.4 Wastewater treatment plant in the Vaucluse......Page 345
Appendix 1: Physical sizes and units......Page 354
Appendix 2: Solar radiation data......Page 358
Appendix 3: System monitoring: checklist......Page 364
Bibliography......Page 366
Organisations and associations......Page 370
Index......Page 372

✦ Subjects

Топливно-энергетический комплекс;Гелиоэнергетика;