Solar Cooling: Basics and Advances

✍ Scribed by S. C. Kaushik, S. K. Tyagi, V. Baiju, S. Jain

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 368
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book deals with the research activities focussed on solar VAD systems evaluating its merit of compatibility with ozone friendly refrigerants and adoptability with solar energy option. The authors of this book have given more emphasis on discussing various solar cooling VAD systems and its viability for the commercial use. Relevant references on "Solar Cooling: Basics and Advances" has been provided which significantly adopt some of the information for the completeness of the book.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction: Basic Concepts
1.1 Basic Thermodynamics
1.1.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
1.1.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.1.3 Thermodynamic Systems
1.1.4 Thermodynamic Properties
1.1.5 Thermal Efficiency
1.1.6 Refrigerator and Heat Pump
1.1.7 Coefficient of Performance (COP)
1.2 Psychrometry
1.2.1 Terms Used in Psychrometry
1.2.2 Psychrometric Processes
1.3 Classification of Refrigeration
1.4 Energy Conservation in RAC Systems
References
2 Solar Energy Option and Potential for Cooling
2.1 Availability of Solar Energy
2.2 Indirect Solar Energy Options
2.3 Utilisation of Solar Energy
2.4 Potential for Solar Cooling
2.5 Types of Solar Cooling Systems
2.6 Solar Energy Utilisation in India
References
3 Solar Energy Collection Systems
3.1 Solar Energy Collection Devices
3.2 Flat Plate Collector (FPC)
3.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC)
3.3.1 Thermal Analysis of an Evacuated Tube Collector
3.3.2 Solar Collector with a Phase Changing Fluid
3.4 Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC)
3.5 Solar Collector Reflector System
3.6 Parabolic Trough Collector (PtC)
3.7 Thermal Performance of PTC
3.7.1 Useful Heat Gain in PTC
3.7.2 Outlet Temperature
3.7.3 Instantaneous Beam Efficiency
3.7.4 Absorbed Flux
3.7.5 Overall Heat Loss Coefficient
3.7.6 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.8 Second Law Analysis of Concentrating Collectors
3.9 Dish Collector
3.10 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)
3.11 Central Receiver System or Heliostat Field Collectors
3.12 Material Considerations in Solar Collectors
3.12.1 Fibre Reinforced Parabolic Trough Collector
3.12.2 Polymers for Solar Collectors
3.13 Current Status and Applications of Concentrated Solar Collectors
References
4 Solar Energy Storage Systems
4.1 Methods of Thermal Energy Storage
4.1.1 Sensible Heat Storage
4.1.2 Latent Heat Storage
4.1.3 Chemical Storage Methods
4.2 Comparison Among Various Storage Systems
4.3 Application of PCMs
References
5 Vapour Compression Refrigeration System and Its Solar Cooling Options
5.1 Working of an Ideal VCR System
5.2 Cycle Analysis
5.3 Actual Vapour Compression Cycle
5.4 Choice of Refrigerants
5.4.1 Desired Properties of Ideal Refrigerant
5.4.2 Classification of Refrigerants
5.5 Effect of Operating Conditions on COP of VCR
5.6 Cascaded VCR System
5.7 Solar Operation of VCR Systems
5.7.1 Indirect Solar Operated VCR Systems
5.7.2 Direct Conversion Solar VCR Systems
References
6 Vapour Absorption Cooling Systems
6.1 Basic Absorption Process
6.2 Basic Absorption Cycle
6.3 Selection of Working Fluids
6.4 Solar Operation of VAB System
6.5 Types of Solar VAB System
6.5.1 Open Cycle Absorption Solar Cooling System
6.5.2 Closed Cycle Continuous Solar Cooling System
6.5.3 Actual VAB Cooling Systems
6.5.4 Thermodynamic Analysis of VAB Cycle
6.5.5 General Analysis for COP of Vapour Absorption Cooling System
6.5.6 An Intermittent Absorption Cooling System
6.5.7 Solar Electrolux Refrigerator
6.6 Vapour Absorption Cooling System with Storage
6.6.1 Basic Operations of Absorption Cycle with Refrigerant Storage
6.6.2 Basic System Equations and System Modelling
6.7 Advanced Absorption Cooling Cycles
6.7.1 Double Effect NH3–H2O Vapour Absorption Cooling System
6.7.2 Two-Stage Dual Fluid Cycle
6.7.3 Multi-effect H2O–LiBr Solar VAB Cooling System
6.8 Performance Comparison of Single-Effect, Double-Effect and Triple-Effect Solar VAB Cooling System
6.9 Absorber Heat Recovery Systems
6.9.1 Solar GAX Absorption Cooling Cycle
6.9.2 Hybrid GAX Absorption Cooling Systems
References
7 Vapour Adsorption Cooling Systems
7.1 History of Adsorption Cooling
7.2 Adsorption
7.3 Types of Adsorption
7.3.1 Physical Adsorption
7.3.2 Chemical Adsorption
7.4 Absorption and Adsorption—A Comparative Study
7.5 Choice of Adsorbent-Refrigerant Combination
7.5.1 Adsorbate or Refrigerant
7.6 Working Pairs for VAD Systems
7.7 Characteristics of Working Pairs
7.7.1 Adsorption Characteristics- Determination Techniques
7.8 Adsorption Cooling Systems
7.8.1 Principle of Operation of Vapour Adsorption System and Cycle Analysis
7.8.2 Performance Parameters of Adsorption System
7.8.3 Single Bed Adsorption Cooling System
7.8.4 Two Bed Adsorption Cooling System
7.8.5 Four Bed Vapour Adsorption Cooling System
7.8.6 Basic Thermal Wave Cycle
7.8.7 Convective Thermal Stream Cycle
7.8.8 Solar VAD Cooling System Integrated with Heat Pipe
7.8.9 Four Bed Cascading Adsorption Cooling System
7.8.10 Adsorption Desalination System
7.8.11 Metal Hydride Systems
7.9 Applications of Solar Adsorption Cooling Systems
7.10 Current Status and Developments in VAD Systems
References
8 Desiccant Cooling Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dehumidification
8.3 Evaporative Cooling Options
8.3.1 Direct Evaporative Cooling
8.3.2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling
8.3.3 Combined Evaporative Coolers
8.3.4 Regenerative Cooling
8.4 Desiccant Materials and Their Characteristics
8.5 Principle of Desiccant Cooling
8.6 Types of Desiccant Cooling Systems
8.6.1 Solid Desiccant Cooling Systems
8.6.2 Liquid Desiccant Cooling Systems
8.6.3 Hybrid Desiccant Cooling Systems
8.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Desiccant Cooling Systems
8.8 Applications of Desiccant Cooling Systems
References
9 Thermoelectric Cooling Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermoelectric Cooling Devices
9.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermoelectric Cooler
9.2.2 Figure of Merit (FOM) of Thermoelectric Devices
9.2.3 Cascaded Thermoelectric Cooler Systems
9.2.4 COP of Cascaded Thermoelectric Cooler
9.2.5 Second Law Analysis of Thermoelectric Devices
9.2.6 Irreversibilities in Thermoelectric Cooler System
9.3 Solar Operation of Thermoelectric Cooler
9.3.1 Solar Thermoelectric Generator-Cooler System
9.3.2 Solar Collector Options for Thermoelectric Energy Conversion
9.3.3 Solar Photovoltaic Thermoelectric Cooler
9.4 Thermoelectric Materials
9.5 Advantages of Thermo-electric Cooler
9.6 Current Status and Application in Building
References
10 Alternative Cooling System Options
10.1 Gas Compression Cycle Cooling System
10.1.1 Thermodynamic Analysis
10.2 Jet Ejector Compression Cooling System
10.2.1 Development of Jet Ejector Cooling System
10.2.2 Working Fluids
10.2.3 Solar Driven Jet Ejector Compression Cooling System
10.2.4 Thermodynamic Analysis
10.2.5 Different Configurations of Solar Driven Jet Ejector Cooling System
10.2.6 Jet Ejector-Compression Cooling System
10.2.7 Combined Absorption-Jet Ejector Cooling Systems
10.2.8 Solar Driven Vapour Adsorption-Jet Ejector Cooling System
10.3 Thermoacoustic Cooling
10.3.1 Working Principle of Thermoacoustic Cooling System
References
11 Hybrid Cooling Systems
11.1 Hybrid Vapour Compression—Absorption Cooling Systems
11.2 Hybrid Vapour Compression—Adsorption Cooling Systems
11.3 Combined Vapour Compression—Absorption-Jet Ejector Cooling System
11.4 Solar Operated Heating, Cooling and Power Generation Systems (Tri Generation)
11.4.1 CHCP Based on Vapour Adsorption Cooling System
11.4.2 CHCP Based on Rankine-Vapour Absorption Cooling System
References
12 Economic Considerations in Solar Cooling Systems
12.1 Background
12.2 Investment Cost
12.3 Operational Cost
12.4 Economic Analysis
12.4.1 Annual Savings (AS)
12.4.2 Life Cycle Savings (LCS)
12.5 Terms Used in Economic Analysis
12.6 Example: Cost Analysis of Solar VAD Cycle
12.7 Evaluation of Payback Period
References
Index