Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Urban Soils-Basics
1: Urban Soil: A Review on Historical Perspective
1.1 Introduction and History of the Urban Soil Terminology
1.2 Historical Overview of Research and Development of Urban Soil Across the Globe
1.3 Future Prospects in Urban/Anthropogenic Soil Research
1.4 Conclusion
References
2: Classification and Functional Characteristics of Urban Soil
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Urban Soil Formation Frameworks
2.3 Taxonomic Categorization of Urban Soils
2.4 Categorization of Urban Soils Under World Reference Base for Soil Resources
2.5 Altered Characteristics of Urban Soils
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Characteristics and Functions of Urban Soils
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Urban Soils
3.3 Urban Soil Characteristics
3.3.1 Higher Contents of Carbon, Nutrients and Contaminants
3.3.2 Higher pH Values
3.3.3 Higher Soil Bulk Densities
3.3.4 Characteristics of Soil Structure
3.3.5 High Content of Artefacts
3.4 Urban Soil Functions
3.4.1 Water and Climate Regulation
3.4.2 Filter and Buffer Function
3.4.3 Nutrient Cycling, Carbon Storage and Biomass Production
3.4.4 Urban Soil as Habitat for Above- and Belowground Biota
3.4.5 Archive, Cultural and Recreation Functions
3.4.6 Carrier and Medium for Engineering
3.5 Summary
References
4: Urban Soil Microbiome Functions and Their Linkages with Ecosystem Services
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate Regulation
4.2.1 Thermal
4.2.2 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
4.2.3 Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling
4.2.4 Water
4.3 Pollution Control
4.3.1 Metal Decontamination
4.3.2 Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
4.4 Above-Below-Ground Processes
4.4.1 Soil Health
4.4.2 Urban Agriculture
4.5 Cultural Services
References
5: Urban Soil Carbon: Processes and Patterns
5.1 Introduction: Function and Value of Urban Soil Carbon
5.2 Processes of Urban Soil Carbon
5.2.1 Regulation of SOC Accumulation Through OM Input and Decomposition
5.2.2 Effects of Urban Soil Structure
5.2.3 Effects of Urbanized Climate
5.2.4 Effects of Chemical, Physical, and Biological Stresses on SOC
5.2.5 Effects of Urban Soil Management
5.2.6 Direct and Indirect Drivers on Urban SOC Dynamics
5.2.7 Climate Change Mitigation Through Soil Inorganic Carbon Present in Urban Soils
5.3 Patterns of Urban Soil Carbon
5.3.1 Meta-Analysis of the Urban SOC
5.3.2 SOC Density of Urban Soils
5.3.3 SOC Change in Response to Urbanization
5.3.4 SOC Accumulation Potential
5.3.5 Suggestions for Further Studies on Urban Soils
5.4 Conclusion: Climate-Smart Urban Soil Management
Appendix
References
6: Nitrogen Cycling Processes in Urban Soils: Stocks, Fluxes, and Microbial Transformations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Factors of the Urban Environment
6.2.1 Physical Factors
6.2.1.1 Increased Pressure on the Soil Surface
6.2.1.2 Soil Sealing
6.2.1.3 Mechanical Soil Removal
6.2.1.4 Heat Island Effect
6.2.1.5 Increased Presence of Impermeable Soil Surfaces and the Compaction of Soil Plots
6.2.1.6 Contamination by Construction and Industrial Waste
6.2.1.7 Contamination with Household Waste
6.2.2 Chemical Factors
6.2.3 Biological Factors
6.2.3.1 Fecal Contamination
6.2.3.2 Increase in the Number of Invasive Species
6.3 The Influence of the Urban Environment on the Microbiological Transformation of Nitrogen
6.3.1 The Influence of Physical Factors on Nitrogen Transformations
6.3.1.1 Soil Sealing, Compaction, and Overwetting
6.3.1.2 Heat Island Effect
6.3.2 The Influence of Chemical Factors on Nitrogen Transformations
6.3.2.1 pH Changes
6.3.2.2 Changes in C/N Ratio
6.3.2.3 The Entering of Additional Sources of Nitrogen and Fertilization
6.3.2.4 Contamination with Heavy Metals
6.3.2.5 Contamination with Hydrocarbons
6.3.3 The Influence of Biological Factors on Nitrogen Transformations
6.3.3.1 Vegetation Cover
6.3.3.2 Earthworms
6.3.4 The Influence of Nitrogen Cycle Alteration on the Urban Environment
6.4 Conclusion
References
7: Urban Soils and Their Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Management of Urban Greenery
7.2.1 Urban Green Space Planning and Strategies
7.2.2 Use of GIS in Urban Planning
7.2.3 Sustainable Landscape Management
7.2.4 Sustainable Agroecosystems
7.2.4.1 Zero Tillage
7.2.4.2 Crop Rotations
7.2.4.3 Cover Cropping
7.3 Application of Compost
7.3.1 Enhancement of Soil Organic Matter Contents
7.3.2 Improvement in Soil Water Holding Capacity
7.3.3 Increase in Soil Nutrient Level
7.3.4 Cation Exchange Capacity and Soil pH
7.3.5 Impact on Soil Biological Properties
7.4 Application of Mulch
7.5 Soil Conservation
7.5.1 Benefits of Soil Conservation
7.6 Soil Conservation Practices
7.6.1 Conservation Tillage
7.6.2 Contour Farming
7.6.3 Strip Cropping
7.6.4 Buffer Strips
7.6.5 Windbreaks
7.6.6 Grass Waterways
7.7 Soil Amendment and Engineered Soils
7.7.1 Vermicomposting
7.7.2 Soil Organic Carbon
7.7.3 Microorganism and Soil Enzymes
7.8 Conclusion
References
Part II: Concepts and Technologies of Soil Quality and Functional Monitoring
8: Soil Quality: Concepts, Importance, Indicators, and Measurement
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Concepts Related to Soil Evaluation
8.1.2 Linking Soil Quality to Soil Functions and Ecosystem Services
8.2 Soil Quality Evaluation
8.2.1 Determine Objectives Assessing Soil Quality Goals
8.2.2 Urban Soil Quality
8.2.3 Soil Quality Indicators (SQI)
8.2.3.1 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Attributes
8.2.3.2 Choosing Indicators
8.2.3.3 Novel Soil Quality Indicators
8.2.4 Methods for Selecting a Minimum Dataset
8.2.5 Deriving a Soil Quality Index
8.3 Soil Quality Standards (SQS)
8.3.1 The Limits of Contaminants in Habitat and Agricultural Soils
8.3.2 Standardization
8.4 Conclusions
References
9: Digital Soil Map: An Applied Tool to Determine Land-Use Alterations
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 History of DSM
9.1.2 What Constitutes DSM
9.1.3 The Importance of DSM for Urban Areas
9.2 Environmental Covariates and Soil Data Collection
9.2.1 Collection of Soil Data
9.2.2 Environmental Covariates
9.2.2.1 Soil Properties
9.2.2.2 Climate
9.2.2.3 Organisms
9.2.2.4 Relief or Topography
9.2.2.5 Parent Material
9.2.2.6 Relative Position
9.2.2.7 Time or Age
9.2.3 Ecological and Environmental Covariates for Suitable Location Urban Areas
9.3 Acquiring Data
9.3.1 Soil Sensors
9.3.2 Remote Sensing
9.4 Soil Inference Systems
9.4.1 Selection of Appropriate Predictors
9.4.1.1 Supervised Covariate Selection Methods
9.4.1.2 Unsupervised Covariate Selection Methods
9.4.2 Homosoil
9.4.3 Predictive Models of Variables
9.5 Quality Assessments
9.5.1 Prediction Accuracy
9.5.2 Prediction Uncertainty
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Soil Conservation Using Mechanical and Non-mechanical Methods
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Urban Soil Ecosystems
10.3 Soil Erosion and Erosion Causing Agents
10.3.1 Temperature
10.3.2 Wind
10.3.3 Rain
10.3.4 Land Slope
10.3.5 Living Things
10.3.6 Vegetation
10.4 Water Erosion
10.4.1 Raindrop Erosion (Splash Erosion)
10.4.2 Raindrop Erosion, Rill Erosion, Interrill Erosion, Gully Erosion, Tunnel Erosion and Stream Bank Erosion
10.4.3 Interrill Erosion
10.4.4 Gully Erosion
10.4.5 Tunnel Erosion
10.4.6 Stream Bank Erosion
10.5 Wind Erosion
10.5.1 Saltation
10.5.2 Surface Creep
10.5.3 Suspension
10.6 Soil Conservation
10.6.1 Non-mechanical Conservation
10.6.1.1 Proper Land Management
10.6.1.2 Soil Management
10.6.1.3 Agronomic Managements
Cover Cropping
Crop Rotation
Contour Farming
Strip Cropping
10.6.2 Mechanical Conservation
10.6.2.1 Terraces
10.6.2.2 Banquettes
10.6.3 Wind Conservation
10.6.4 Urban Soil Conversation
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11: Proximal Sensing of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals Using a Portable X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer in Subarctic Industrial Ba...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Study Site
11.2.2 Soil Sampling and Field Analyses
11.2.3 Lab Analyses
11.2.4 Statistical Analyses
11.3 Results
11.3.1 Soil Pollution Assessment by pXRF in the Field
11.3.2 The Effect of Sample Preparation Methods on pXRF Measurement Results
11.3.3 Soil Properties
11.3.4 Calibration of pXRF Readings for Different Soil Types
11.4 Discussion
11.4.1 The Effect of Soil Types and Sample Preparation on the pXRF Results
11.4.2 Implications and Limitations of pXRF for Soil Pollution Assessment
11.5 Conclusion
References
Part III: Urban Soil Case Studies
12: Urban Smart Sustainability in Tehran: LIPSOR Approach for Transformation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Smart Sustainable City
12.3 Futures Studies
12.4 The LIPSOR Approach
12.5 Case Study Location
12.6 Implementation of LIPSOR Model
12.6.1 Correlated Scenarios
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Soil Mapping System and Assessment of Ecologically Sensitive Areas in Cities
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Urban Ecologically Sensitive Areas (U-ESA)
13.3 Case Study of Bratislava City
13.4 Methodology and Procedures for U-ESA Map Creation
13.4.1 Mapping of Land Cover/Land Use by Extended Nomenclature Urban Atlas 2012
13.4.2 Urban Soil Mapping Using a Concept of Pedo-Urban Complexes and Quality Assessment
13.4.3 The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Phenomenon: Spatial Distribution Using the MUKLIMO Model
13.4.4 Identification and Classification of Vegetation Types
13.4.5 Overlaying and Synthesis of Results
13.5 Conclusions
References
14: Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Components of Soil Respiration in Russian Subtaiga and Forest-steppe Zones Measured by Subst...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.2.1 Study Sites
14.2.2 Soil Respiration Partitioning to Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Components
14.2.3 Soil Sampling and Analysis
14.2.4 Data Analysis
14.3 Results
14.3.1 Soil Chemical and Microbial Properties
14.3.2 Seasonal Dynamic of Soil Respiration and Its Components
14.3.3 Contribution of Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Components to Soil Respiration
14.3.4 The Effect of Soil Temperature and Water Content on the Soil Respiration and Its Components
14.4 Discussion
14.4.1 Contributions of Soil Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Respirations Obtained by Substrate-induced Respiration Technique
14.4.2 Temperature Sensitivity of Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Respirations
14.4.3 The Effect of Soil Water Content on the Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Respirations
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: Unsaturated Properties of Singapore Urban Soils
15.1 Singapore Geological Formations
15.2 Grain Size Distribution
15.3 Soil Classification
15.4 Soil Densities and In Situ Water Content
15.5 Soil-Water Characteristic Curve
15.6 Permeability of Unsaturated Soil
15.7 Shear Strength
15.8 Conclusions
References