Soil Carbon Stabilization to Mitigate Climate Change

✍ Scribed by Rahul Datta, Ram Swaroop Meena

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 336
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Carbon stabilization involves to capturing carbon from the atmosphere and fix it in the forms soil organic carbon stock for a long period of time, it will be present to escape as a greenhouse gas in the form of carbon dioxide. Soil carbon storage is an important ecosystem service, resulting from interactions of several ecological processes. This process is primarily mediated by plants through photosynthesis, with carbon stored in the form of soil organic carbon. Soil carbon levels have reduced over decades of conversion of pristine ecosystems into agriculture landscape, which now offers the opportunity to store carbon from air into the soil. Carbon stabilization into the agricultural soils is a novel approach of research and offers promising reduction in the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.  This book brings together all aspects of soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, with a special focus on diversity of microorganisms and management practices of soil in agricultural systems. It discusses the role of ecosystem functioning, recent and future prospects, soil microbial ecological studies, rhizosphere microflora, and organic matter in soil carbon stabilization. It also explores carbon transformation in soil, biological management and its genetics, microbial transformation of soil carbon, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), and their role in sustainable agriculture.  The book offers a spectrum of ideas of new technological inventions and fundamentals of soil sustainability. It will be suitable for teachers, researchers, and policymakers, undergraduate and graduate students of soil science, soil microbiology, agronomy, ecology, and environmental sciences 

✦ Table of Contents

Acknowledgement
Contents
About the Editors
Biochar Role in Soil Carbon Stabilization and Crop Productivity
1 Introduction
2 Role of Biochar in Soil Carbon Stabilization
2.1 Effect of Feedstock on Biochar Properties
2.2 Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Properties and Carbon
2.3 Cation/Anion Exchange Capacity, pH, and Carbon Mineralization
2.4 Recalcitrance and Carbon Storage
2.5 Role of Biochar Porosity in Improving Soil Functions and Soil Carbon Stabilization
3 Effect of Biochar Amendment on Soil Carbon Balance
3.1 Beneficial Effect of Biochar Application on Soil Carbon Storage
3.1.1 Effect on Water Retention
3.1.2 Effect on Soil Erosion
3.2 Effect on Crop Yield and Economic Productivity in Agriculture
4 Biochar-Soil Community Interactions and Its Effect on Soil Carbon
4.1 Microorganisms
4.2 Plants
4.3 Soil Fauna
5 Biochar Role in Metabolic Processes in Soil
5.1 Nutrients and Their Availability
5.2 Sorption Ability of Biochar and Carbon Binding
5.3 Biochar Potential to Affect Soil Carbon Stock
6 Interaction of Biochar with Other Amendments and Impact on Soil Carbon
7 Future Perspective
8 Conclusion
References
Glomalin: A Key Indicator for Soil Carbon Stabilization
1 Introduction
2 Determination and Terminology of Glomalin
3 Composition
4 Glomalin Pathways
5 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
6 Role of Glomalin in Soil
6.1 Soil Aggregation and Carbon Storage
6.2 Resistance to Abiotic Stress
6.2.1 Water Stress
6.2.2 Pollution by Heavy Metals
6.2.3 High Temperature
6.3 Biotic Stress
6.4 Glomalin Turnover and Recalcitrance
7 Glomalin Locking Carbon Stabilization and Sequestration
8 Glomalin Management in Soil
8.1 Methods to Increase or Decrease Glomalin Level in Soils
8.2 Effect of GRSP Treatment on Crops
8.3 Potential Role of Glomalin in Soil Sustainability
8.4 Glomalin Remediating Polluted Soil
9 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Clay Mineralogy: Soil Carbon Stabilization and Organic Matter Interaction
1 Introduction
2 Clay Mineralogy
2.1 Montmorillonite
2.2 Kaolinite
2.3 Mixed Layer
2.4 Illite
2.5 Mica
2.6 Chlorite
3 Clay Diagenesis and Structure of Clay Minerals
3.1 Phyllosilicate or Layer Silicate Minerals
3.2 Secondary Minerals
4 Carbon Sequestration
5 Properties Impacting Soil Carbon Sequestration
5.1 Soil Characteristics
5.2 Management Activities
5.3 Environmental Settings
6 Soil Organic Matter
7 Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization
7.1 Physical Stabilization
7.2 Chemical Stabilization
7.3 Biological Stabilization
8 Interaction of Clay Mineral with Organic Matter
8.1 Electrostatic Forces of Attraction
8.2 Ligand Exchange
8.3 Cations (Polyvalent-Type) Bridging
8.4 van der Waals Forces and Hydrogen Bonding
9 Interaction Between Clay Minerals and Organic Matter in the Soil with Relevance to Carbon Stabilization
9.1 Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization and Phyllosilicates
9.2 SOC Stabilization and Secondary Minerals
9.3 Soil Carbon Sequestration and Weathering of Rocks
10 Conclusions
References
Microbial Potential for Carbon Fixation and Stabilization
1 Introduction
2 Soil Microbial Diversity
3 Interaction Between Soil Physiochemical Properties and Microbial Diversity
4 Carbon Cycle
4.1 Geosphere Carbon Cycle
4.2 Biosphere Carbon Cycle
4.3 Ocean or Hydrosphere Carbon Cycle
4.4 Global Carbon Cycle
5 Soil Carbon Sequestration in Plants
5.1 Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle or C3 Cycle or Reductive Pentose Phosphate (RPP) or Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) Cycle
5.1.1 The Carbon Assimilation or Carboxylation Phase
5.1.2 The Reductive Phase
5.1.3 The Regeneration Phase
5.2 Hatch and Slack Pathway or Dicarboxylic Acid Pathway or C4 Cycle
5.2.1 Carboxylation
5.2.2 Breakdown of (OAA)
5.2.3 Splitting
5.2.4 Phosphorylation
5.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Pathway
6 Role of Microbes in Carbon Fixation
6.1 Mechanisms of CO2Fixationin Microbes
6.1.1 Autotrophic CO2Fixation
6.1.2 Chemoautotrophs CO2 Fixation
6.2 Chlorophyll-Based Bacterial Photosynthesis
6.2.1 Purple Phototrophic Bacteria (PPB)
6.2.2 Green Phototrophic Bacteria (GPB)
6.2.3 Cyanobacteria
6.3 Non-chlorophyll-Based Bacterial Photosynthesis
7 Pathways for CO2 Fixation in Microbes
7.1 Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle or Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle or C3 Cycle or Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) Cycle
8 Alternative CO2 Fixation Pathways
8.1 Reductive Acetyl-Coenzyme a Pathway or Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway
8.1.1 Carbonyl or Western Brach Point
8.1.2 Methyl or Eastern Branch Point
8.1.3 In the Case of Methanogens
8.1.4 Acetogens
8.1.5 Methanogens
8.2 Reductive Citric Acid Cycle or Reductive Tricarboxylic Acid (rTCA) or Arnon-Buchanan Cycle
8.3 Dicarboxylate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Cycle (DC/HB)
8.3.1 The Cycle Can Be Divided Into Two Parts
8.4 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Cycle (HP/HB)
8.5 3-Hydroxypropionate Bicycle
8.5.1 In the First Sub-cycle
9 Impact of Global Carbon Cycle on Mitigation of Climate Change Through Microbial Carbon Flux
References
Role of Soil Microbes and Their Cell Components in Carbon Stabilization
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Dioxide Fixation
3 Soil Microbes-Carbon Dioxide
4 Microbial Pathway Involved in Carbon Dioxide Fixation
4.1 Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
4.1.1 Carbon Fixation
4.1.2 Reduction
4.1.3 Regeneration
4.2 Reductive Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (rTCA)
4.3 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HP) Cycle
4.4 Reductive Acetyl-CoA (rACo) Pathway
4.5 Carboxylases
5 Major Enzymes Involved in Carbon Dioxide Fixation
5.1 Enzymes Involved in Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
5.2 Enzymes Involved in Reductive Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
5.3 Enzymes Involved in Reductive Acetyl-CoA Pathway
5.4 Enzymes Involved in 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Cycle
6 Microbial Cell Components´ Role in Carbon Stabilization
7 Conclusion
8 Future Prospective
References
Adsorption: An Important Phenomenon in Controlling Soil Properties and Carbon Stabilization
1 Introduction
2 Soil Clay Mineral Properties That Enhance Adsorption of Soil Organic Carbon
3 Control of Organic Carbon Adsorption on Mineral Surfaces
3.1 Soil Conditions
3.2 Management Practices
4 The Mechanism of Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization by the Soil Minerals
4.1 Chemical Protection of Soil Organic Carbon
4.2 Biological Protection
4.3 Physical Protection
5 Mechanisms of Soil Organic Carbon Adsorption in Soil Minerals
5.1 Ligand Exchange
5.2 Cation Bridging
5.3 Electrostatic Attraction
5.4 Hydrophobic Interaction, van der Waals Force, and H-Bonding
6 Does Soil Mineralogy Have Any Impact on the Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization?
6.1 Phyllosilicates and Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization
6.2 Role of Fe/Al Oxides Minerals in Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization
6.3 Role of Cationic Species Released from Chemical Breakdown of Rocks in Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization
7 Warming Climate and Soil Organic Carbon Stabilization
8 Conclusion
References
Carbon Stabilisation in Tropical Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Dynamics: Empirical Sciences
2.1 Carbon Tinkering in the Soil: The Role of Biota
2.2 Carbon Losses and Gains in Dynamic Ecosystem: Any Hope for Equilibrium Science (Equoscience)
3 Carbon Sink
3.1 Between Conservation and Conventional Tillage Systems
3.2 Between Crops and Cropping Systems
3.3 The Alley Farming Systems
3.4 The Agroforestry Systems
3.5 The Silviculture Systems
3.6 The Biochar Fortification of Soil Approach
4 Carbon Forms: Going Back to Nature
4.1 Carbon Sink: Going Back to Nurture
4.2 Between Nature and Nurture
5 The Future of Carbon Sink in Tropical Ecosystem
6 C Sink as Panacea to C Stabilisation in Agroecosystem
7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Methane Carbon Sink Distribution and Stability in Permafrost and Deep Marine Soils
1 Introduction
2 Terrestrial Permafrost
2.1 What Is the Permafrost?
2.2 Permafrost Methane Carbon Distribution and Inventories
2.3 Changes in the Permafrost Thawing
2.4 Permafrost Estimations
3 Fundamentals of Methane Carbon Cycle
4 What Is Frozen Carbon or Gas Hydrates?
4.1 Gas Hydrate Formation Process and Structures
4.1.1 Gas Hydrate Structures
4.1.2 Simple Methane Hydrate
4.1.3 Methane Hydrate Formation Process
5 Distribution of Natural Gas Hydrates
5.1 Amount of Methane Carbon in Natural Gas Hydrates
5.2 Climate Change and CH4 Hydrates
5.3 Methane Carbon Sink Stability and Dissociation
5.4 The Sensitivity of Methane Hydrate to the Amount of Methane in the Atmosphere
6 Application of Frozen Carbon and Future Perspectives
7 Conclusions
References
How Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Affect N2O Emissions in a Long-Term Integrated Crop-Livestock System: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Study Site
2.2 Soil Analysis and Gas Sampling
2.2.1 Total Carbon and Total Nitrogen
2.2.2 Labile Carbon
2.2.3 Physical Granulometric Fractioning
2.2.4 Microbial Biomass Carbon
2.2.5 Chemical Fractioning of Soil Organic Matter
2.2.6 Inert Carbon
2.2.7 Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Macro- and Microaggregates
2.3 Cumulative N2O Emissions
2.4 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Total Carbon and Nitrogen on Land-Use Systems
3.1.1 Total Carbon and Nitrogen
3.1.2 Carbon Labile Fractions
3.1.3 Carbon Stable Fractions
3.1.4 Soil Aggregation, Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Macro and Microaggregates
3.2 Cumulative N2O Emissions
4 Discussion
4.1 Overall Effects of Land-Use Systems on C and N Contents
4.2 Effects on Labile Fractions of SOM
4.3 Effects on Stable Fractions of SOM
4.4 Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil Aggregates
4.5 Relationship Between Soil Organic Matter Fractions and N2O Emissions
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References