Software-Defined Radio
for Engineers
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Software-Defined Radio
1.1 Brief History
1.2 What is a Software-Defined Radio?
1.3 Networking and SDR
1.4 RF architectures for SDR
1.5 Processing architectures for SDR
1.6 Software Environments for SDR
1.7 Additional readings
References
Chapter 2
Signals and Systems
2.1 Time and Frequency Domains
2.1.1 Fourier Transform
2.1.2 Periodic Nature of the DFT
2.1.3 Fast Fourier Transform
2.2 Sampling Theory
2.2.1 Uniform Sampling
2.2.2 Frequency Domain Representation of Uniform Sampling
2.2.3 Nyquist Sampling Theorem
2.2.4 Nyquist Zones
2.2.5 Sample Rate Conversion
2.3 Signal Representation
2.3.1 Frequency Conversion
2.3.2 Imaginary Signals
2.4 Signal Metrics and Visualization
2.4.1 SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and SFDR
2.4.2 Eye Diagram
2.5 Receive Techniques for SDR
2.5.1 Nyquist Zones
2.5.2 Fixed Point Quantization
2.5.3 Design Trade-offs for Number of Bits, Cost, Power, and So Forth
2.5.4 Sigma-Delta Analog-Digital Converters
2.6 Digital Signal Processing Techniques for SDR
2.6.1 Discrete Convolution
2.6.2 Correlation
2.6.3 Z-Transform
2.6.4 Digital Filtering
2.7 Transmit Techniques for SDR
2.7.1 Analog Reconstruction Filters
2.7.2 DACs
2.7.3 Digital Pulse-Shaping Filters
2.7.4 Nyquist Pulse-Shaping Theory
2.7.5 Two Nyquist Pulses
2.8 Chapter Summary
References
CHAPTER 3 Probability in Communications
3.1 Modeling Discrete Random Events in Communication Systems
3.1.1 Expectation
3.2 Binary Communication Channels and Conditional Probability
3.3 Modeling Continuous Random Events in Communication Systems
3.3.1 Cumulative Distribution Functions
3.4 Time-Varying Randomness in Communication Systems
3.4.1 Stationarity
3.5 Gaussian Noise Channels
3.5.1 Gaussian Processes
3.6 Power Spectral Densities and LTI Systems
3.7 Narrowband Noise
3.8 Application of Random Variables: Indoor Channel Model
3.9 Chapter Summary
3.10 Additional Readings
References
CHAPTER 4
Digital Communications Fundamentals
4.1 What Is Digital Transmission?
4.1.1 Source Encoding
4.1.2 Channel Encoding
4.2 Digital Modulation
4.2.1 Power Efficiency
4.2.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
4.2.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
4.2.4 Phase Shift Keying
4.2.5 Power Efficiency Summary
4.3 Probability of Bit Error
4.3.1 Error Bounding
4.4 Signal Space Concept
4.5 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
4.6 Optimal Detection
4.6.1 Signal Vector Framework
4.6.2 Decision Rules
4.6.3 Maximum Likelihood Detection in an AWGN Channel
4.7 Basic Receiver Realizations
4.7.1 Matched Filter Realization
4.7.2 Correlator Realization
4.8 Chapter Summary
4.9 Additional Readings
References
CHAPTER 5
Understanding SDR Hardware
5.1 Components of a Communication System
5.1.1 Components of an SDR
5.1.2 AD9363 Details
5.1.3 Zynq Details
5.1.4 Linux Industrial Input/Output Details
5.1.5 MATLAB as an IIO client
5.1.6 Not Just for Learning
5.2 Strategies For Development in MATLAB
5.2.1 Radio I/O Basics
5.2.2 Continuous Transmit
5.2.3 Latency and Data Delays
5.2.4 Receive Spectrum
5.2.5 Automatic Gain Control
5.2.6 Common Issues
5.3 Example: Loopback with Real Data
5.4 Noise Figure
References
CHAPTER 6
Timing Synchronization
6.1 Matched Filtering
6.2 Timing Error
6.3 Symbol Timing Compensation
6.3.1 Phase-Locked Loops
6.3.2 Feedback Timing Correction
6.4 Alternative Error Detectors and System Requirements
6.4.1 Gardner
6.5 Putting the Pieces Together
6.6 Chapter Summary
References
CHAPTER 7
Carrier Synchronization
7.1 Carrier Offsets
7.2 Frequency Offset Compensation
7.2.1 Coarse Frequency Correction
7.2.2 Fine Frequency Correction
7.2.3 Performance Analysis
7.2.4 Error Vector Magnitude Measurements
7.3 Phase Ambiguity
7.3.1 Code Words
7.3.2 Differential Encoding
7.3.3 Equalizers
7.4 Chapter Summary
References
CHAPTER 8 Frame Synchronization and
Channel Coding
8.1 O Frame, Where Art Thou?
8.2 Frame Synchronization
8.2.1 Signal Detection
8.2.2 Alternative Sequences
8.3 Putting the Pieces Together
8.3.1 Full Recovery with Pluto SDR
8.4 Channel Coding
8.4.1 Repetition Coding
8.4.2 Interleaving
8.4.3 Encoding
8.4.4 BER Calculator
8.5 Chapter Summary
References
CHAPTER 9
Channel Estimation and Equalization
9.1 You Shall Not Multipath!
9.2 Channel Estimation
9.3 Equalizers
9.3.1 Nonlinear Equalizers
9.4 Receiver Realization
9.5 Chapter Summary
References
CHAPTER 10 Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
10.1 Rationale for MCM: Dispersive Channel Environments
10.2 General OFDM Model
10.2.1 Cyclic Extensions
10.3 Common OFDM Waveform Structure
10.4 Packet Detection
10.5 CFO Estimation
10.6 Symbol Timing Estimation
10.7 Equalization
10.8 Bit and Power Allocation
10.9 Putting It All Together
10.10 Chapter Summary
References
CHAPTER 11
Applications for Software-Defined Radio
11.1 Cognitive Radio
11.1.1 Bumblebee Behavioral Model
11.1.2 Reinforcement Learning
11.2 Vehicular Networking
11.3 Chapter Summary
References
APPENDIX A: A Longer History of Communications
A.1 History Overview
A.2 1750โ1850: Industrial Revolution
A.3 1850โ1945: Technological Revolution
A.4 1946โ1960: Jet Age and Space Age
A.5 1970โ1979: Information Age
A.6 1980โ1989: Digital Revolution
A.7 1990โ1999: Age of the Public Internet (Web 1.0)
A.8 Post-2000: Everything comes together
References
APPENDIX B:
Getting Started with MATLAB and Simulink
B.1 MATLAB Introduction
B.2 Useful MATLAB Tools
B.2.1 Code Analysis and M-Lint Messages
B.2.2 Debugger
B.2.3 Profiler
B.3 System Objects
References
APPENDIX C:
Equalizer Derivations
C.1 Linear Equalizers
C.2 Zero-Forcing Equalizers
C.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers
APPENDIX D:
Trigonometric Identities
About the Authors
Index