Sodium-Ion Batteries: Technologies and Applications

✍ Scribed by Ji H., Hou H., Zou G. (ed.)

• Publisher: WILEY-VCH
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 358
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Practice-oriented guide systematically summarizing and condensing the development, directions, potential, and core issues of sodium-ion batteries.
Sodium-Ion Batteries begins with an introduction to sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), including their background, development, definition, mechanism, and classification/configuration, moving on to summarize cathode and anode materials, discuss electrolyte, separator, and other key technologies and devices, and review practical applications and conclusions/prospects of sodium-ion batteries.
The text promotes the idea that SIBs can be a good complement, or even a strong competitor, to more mainstream energy technologies in specific application scenarios, including but not limited to large-scale grid energy storage, distributed energy storage, and low-speed electric vehicles, by virtue of considerable advantages in cost-effectiveness compared with lithium-ion, lead-acid, and vanadium redox flow batteries. This book delves into what we have done, where we are, and how we should proceed in regards to the advancement of SIBs, in order to make the technology more applicable in real-world situations.
Specific sample topics covered in Sodium-Ion Batteries include:
Electrochemical test techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Advanced characterization techniques and theoretical calculation, covering imaging and microscopy, and the synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction technique.
Designing and manufacturing SIBs, covering types of cells (cylindrical, soft-pack, and psitmatic), and design requirements for cells.
Performance tests and failure analysis, covering electrochemical and safety performances test, failure phenomenon, failure analysis method, and cost estimation.
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, covering principles of ssNMR and shift ranges for battery materials.
A complete review of an exciting energy storage technology that is undergoing a crucial development stage, Sodium-Ion Batteries is an essential resource for materials scientists, inorganic and physical chemists, and all other academics, researchers, and professionals who wish to stay on the cutting edge of energy technology.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Sodium-Ion Batteries: Technologies and Applications
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 The Birth and Development of Sodium-ion Batteries
References
2. Characteristics of Sodium-ion Batteries
2.1 Basic Features
2.2 Working Principle
2.3 Concepts and Equations
2.3.1 Cell Voltage
2.3.1.1 Electromotive Potential
2.3.1.2 Theoretical Voltage EΘ
2.3.1.3 Open Circuit Voltage Eocv
2.3.1.4 Operating Voltage Ecc
2.3.1.5 Cutoff Voltage
2.3.2 Cell Capacity and Specific Capacity
2.3.2.1 Theoretical Capacity (Co)
2.3.2.2 Actual Capacity (C)
2.3.2.3 Rated Capacity (Cr)
2.3.2.4 Specific Capacity (Cm or CV)
2.3.3 Cell Energy and Specific Energy
2.3.3.1 Theoretical Energy (Wo)
2.3.3.2 Actual Capacity (W)
2.3.3.3 Specific Capacity (Wm or Wv)
2.3.4 Cell Power and Specific Power
2.3.5 Charge and Discharge Rate
2.3.6 Constant Current Charge and Discharge
2.3.7 Constant Voltage Charge
2.3.8 Coulombic Efficiency
2.3.9 Energy Conversion Efficiency
2.3.10 Cell Internal Resistance
2.3.11 Cell Life
2.3.12 State of Charge (SOC)
2.3.13 Depth of Discharge (DOD)
2.4 Structural Composition
2.4.1 Cathode Materials
2.4.2 Anode Materials
2.4.3 Electrolytes
2.4.4 Separators, Binders, Conductive Agents, and Current Collectors
References
3. Cathode Materials of SIBs
3.1 Polyanion Cathode
3.1.1 Phosphates
3.1.1.1 Olivine‐type Phosphates (NaMPO4, MFe, Mn, etc.)
3.1.1.2 NASICON‐type Phosphates (Na3M2(PO4)3, MTi, V, Ni, Fe, Mn, etc.)
3.1.1.3 Pyrophosphate Na2MP2O7
3.1.2 Sulfates/Borates/Silicates
3.1.2.1 Sulfates
3.1.2.2 Borates
3.1.2.3 Silicate
3.1.3 Mixed Polyanions
3.1.3.1 Fluorophosphates
3.1.3.2 Mixed Phosphates
3.2 Oxide Cathode
3.2.1 Layered Transition Metal Oxides
3.2.1.1 Structural Classification
3.2.1.2 Key Issues of Layered Oxides
3.2.1.3 P2‐type Layered Oxides
3.2.1.4 O3‐type Layered Oxides
3.2.1.5 P3‐type Layered Oxides
3.2.1.6 Mixed‐phase Layered Oxides
3.2.2 Tunnel‐type Oxides
3.2.2.1 NaxMnO2
3.2.2.2 Nax[MnM]O2 (M=Ti, Fe, Co, etc.)
3.2.2.3 Tunnel Oxides for Aqueous SIBs
3.3 Prussian Blue and their Analogues
3.3.1 Prussian Blue in Non‐Aqueous SIBs
3.3.1.1 Iron Hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF)
3.3.1.2 Manganese Hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF)
3.3.1.3 Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF)
3.3.1.4 Nickle Hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF)
3.3.1.5 Other Hexacyanoferrates
3.3.1.6 Other Metal Hexacyanometallic Compounds
3.3.2 Prussian Blue in Aqueous SIBs
3.3.2.1 Single‐Redox‐Center PBAs
3.3.2.2 Two‐Redox‐Center PBAs
3.3.2.3 All‐PBA Aqueous Batteries
3.4 Perovskite Transition Metal Fluorides
3.4.1 Metal Fluorides
3.4.2 Sodium Metal Fluorides
3.5 Organic Cathode
3.5.1 Working Mechanism
3.5.2 Carbonyl Small Molecules
3.5.3 Conductive Polymers
References
4. Anode Materials of Sodium-ion Batteries
4.1 Carbon‐based Anode
4.1.1 Graphite Anode
4.1.2 Soft Carbon
4.1.3 Hard Carbon
4.1.3.1 The Doping of Heteroatoms
4.1.3.2 Structure and Morphology Designing
4.2 Titanium‐based Anode
4.2.1 The Exploring of TiO2 Samples
4.2.2 The Exploring of TiS2 and TiSe2 Samples
4.2.3 The Exploring of Other Ti‐based Samples
4.3 Conversion Anode
4.3.1 Co‐based Samples
4.3.1.1 The Exploring of Co‐based Oxides
4.3.1.2 The Exploring of Co‐based Sulfides and Selenides
4.3.1.3 The Exploring of Co‐based Phosphide
4.3.2 Ni‐based Samples
4.3.2.1 The Exploring of Ni‐based Oxides/Sulfides
4.3.2.2 The Exploring of Ni‐based Selenium, Phosphide, and Other Samples
4.3.3 Fe‐based Samples
4.3.3.1 The Exploring of Fe‐based Oxides
4.3.3.2 The Exploring of Fe‐based Sulfides and Selenides
4.3.3.3 The Exploring of Fe‐based Phosphides
4.3.3.4 The Exploring of Other Fe‐based Composites
4.3.4 Mo‐based Samples
4.3.4.1 The Exploring of Mo‐based Oxides
4.3.4.2 The Exploring of Mo‐based Sulfide and Selenides
4.3.4.3 The Exploring of Other Mo‐based Composites
4.3.5 Other Metal‐based Samples
4.3.5.1 The Exploring of Zn‐based Samples
4.3.5.2 The Exploring of Cu‐based Samples
4.3.5.3 The Exploring of Mn‐based Samples
4.3.5.4 The Exploring of Cr‐based Composites
4.3.5.5 The Exploring of W‐based Composites
4.3.5.6 The Exploring of V‐based Composites
4.3.5.7 The Exploring of Nb‐based Composites
4.3.5.8 The Exploring of In‐based Samples
4.4 Metal/Alloy Anode
4.4.1 Sb‐based Samples
4.4.1.1 The Exploring of Sb and Sb‐based Alloy Samples
4.4.1.2 The Exploring of Sb‐based Oxide, Sulfides, Selenium
4.4.2 Sn‐based Samples
4.4.2.1 The Exploring of Sn‐based Alloys and Sn@Carbon Materials
4.4.2.2 The Exploring of Sn‐based Oxides
4.4.2.3 The Exploring of Sn‐based Sulfides
4.4.2.4 The Exploring of Sn‐based Selenide, Phosphide
4.4.3 Bi‐based Samples
4.4.4 Ge‐based Samples
4.4.4.1 The Exploring of Ge and the Relative Alloying Materials
4.4.4.2 The Exploring of Ge‐based Oxides Samples
4.4.4.3 The Exploring of Other Ge‐based Samples (GeX, X=Se, S, OH, P)
References
5. Electrolyte, Separator, Binder and Other Devices of Sodium Ion Batteries
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Organic Liquid Electrolytes
5.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
5.2.2 Organic Solvents
5.2.2.1 Ester‐based Solvents
5.2.2.2 Ether‐based Solvents
5.2.3 Electrolyte Salt
5.2.4 Electrolyte Additives
5.2.4.1 Film Formation Additives
5.2.4.2 Flame Retardant Additives
5.2.4.3 Overcharge Protection Additives
5.2.4.4 Additives with Other Functions
5.2.5 New Electrolyte Systems
5.3 Solid State Electrolytes
5.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
5.3.2 Inorganic Solid Electrolyte
5.3.2.1 β‐alumina
5.3.2.2 NASICON
5.3.2.3 Sulfides
5.3.3 Polymer Electrolyte
5.3.3.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs)
5.3.3.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs)
5.3.4 Composite Solid Electrolyte
5.3.4.1 CSEs with Passive Fillers
5.3.4.2 CSEs with Active Fillers
5.3.5 Phase Interface Between Electrode and Electrolyte
5.3.5.1 Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)
5.3.5.2 Cathode Electrolyte Interphase (CEI)
5.4 Separator
5.4.1 Glass Fiber
5.4.2 Polyolefin Separator
5.4.3 Nonwoven Separator
5.5 Binder
5.5.1 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)
5.5.2 Polyacrylic Acid (PAA)
5.5.3 Sodium Alginate (SA)
5.5.4 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
5.5.5 Crosslinked Binders
5.5.6 Conductive Binders
5.5.7 Self‐healing Binders
5.6 Conductive Agent
5.6.1 Carbon Black
5.6.1.1 Acetylene Black (AB)
5.6.1.2 Super‐P (SP)
5.6.1.3 Ketjen Black (KB)
5.6.2 Graphene
5.6.3 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)
5.6.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.7 Current Collector
5.7.1 Metal‐based Current Collector
5.7.2 Carbon‐based Current Collector
5.8 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
6. Advanced Characterization Techniques and Theoretical Calculation
6.1 Imaging and Microscopy
6.1.1 Fundamentals of Imaging and Microscopy
6.1.2 Electron Microscopy Studies of SIBs
6.1.3 Synchrotron X‐Ray Imaging Studies of SIBs
6.1.4 Neutron Imaging Studies of SIBs
6.1.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy Studies of SIBs
6.1.6 Optical Microscopy Studies of SIBs
6.2 Synchrotron Radiation X‐Ray Diffraction Technique
6.2.1 Principles of XRD
6.2.2 Characteristics of XRD
6.2.3 XRD studies of SIBs
6.2.4 Challenges and Opportunities
6.3 Synchrotron Radiation X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy Technique
6.3.1 Principles of XAS
6.3.2 Characteristics of XAS
6.3.3 XAS Studies of SIBs
6.3.4 Challenges and Opportunities
6.4 Solid‐state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
6.4.1 Principles of ssNMR
6.4.2 NMR Interactions and Shift Ranges for Battery Materials
6.4.2.1 Shift Interactions (Nuclear Spin−Electron Spin)
6.4.2.2 Dipolar Coupling (Nuclear Spin−Nuclear Spin)
6.4.2.3 Quadrupolar Coupling
6.4.3 ssNMR Studies of SIBs
6.4.4 The Challenge of NMR Detection
6.5 Electrochemical Test Techniques
6.5.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
6.5.2 Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge
6.5.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
6.5.4 Other Electrochemical Testing Techniques
6.5.5 Electrochemical Analysis of SIBs
6.6 Other Characterization Techniques
6.6.1 Neutron Diffraction Technique
6.6.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
6.6.3 Raman
6.7 Theoretical Calculation
6.7.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics
6.7.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics
6.7.3 Machine‐learning Molecular Dynamics
6.7.4 Applications of Theoretical Calculations
References
7. Practical Application of SIBs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Commercial Sodium Battery
7.2.1 High‐Temperature Na–S Battery
7.2.2 Sodium–Nickel Chloride Battery
7.3 Design and Manufacture Process of SIBs
7.3.1 Laboratory Button Battery Assembly
7.3.1.1 Metal Na Anode Materials
7.3.1.2 Button Cell Assembly Order
7.3.1.3 The Matching of Positive and Negative Electrodes
7.3.2 Type of Cell for SIBs
7.3.2.1 Cylindrical Battery
7.3.2.2 Soft‐pack Battery
7.3.2.3 Prismatic Battery
7.3.3 Design Requirements for Cell
7.3.3.1 Basic Design Principles
7.3.3.2 Safety Design
7.3.4 Manufacturing Process of SIBs
7.3.4.1 Front‐end Electrode Fabrication Process
7.3.4.2 Back‐end Assembly Process
7.3.4.3 Formation and Sorting Process
7.3.4.4 Design of SIBs Pack
7.3.4.5 Battery Management System
7.4 Presodiation Techniques
7.4.1 EC/Chemical Methods
7.4.1.1 EC
7.4.1.2 Chemical Methods
7.4.2 Self‐sacrificial Additive
7.4.3 Other Novel Methods of Presodiation
7.4.4 Factors Need to be Improved
7.5 Performance Tests and Failure Analysis
7.5.1 Electrochemical Performances Test
7.5.2 Safety Performances Test
7.5.3 Failure Phenomenon
7.5.4 Failure Analysis Method
7.5.5 Cost Estimation
7.6 Commercial Application and Future Perspectives
7.6.1 Current State of Commercialization of SIBs
7.6.2 Application Prospect
7.6.2.1 Low‐Speed Electric Vehicle Market
7.6.2.2 Large‐scale ESSs
References
Index