Social Capital and Collective Action in Pakistani Rural Development

✍ Scribed by Shaheen Rafi Khan, Shahrukh Rafi Khan

• Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 301
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book distinguishes conceptually between indigenous and constructed social capital and the associated spontaneous and induced collective action for rural development and natural resource preservation. While some of the case studies in this book show that induced collective action can lead to cost-effective, community-centric and empirically grounded rural development initiatives, other case studies show that spontaneous collective action, based on indigenous social capital, can result in resource preservation, positive development outcomes, and resistance to the excesses engendered by conventional development. The authors also explore a hybrid form whereby spontaneous collective action is given a more effective and sustainable shape by an outside organization with experience of induced collective action.

Exploring alternative community-centric paths to development, especially those attuned with sustainability imperatives, is part of a global search for solutions. While the volume draws on the Pakistani case, the problem with conventional development approaches and the need for complementary alternatives is not unique to only this country; and the volume has broader relevance to students and researchers across the fields of social policy and development.

✦ Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Introduction and Conceptual Framework
1 Introduction
Reference
2 Social Capital-Driven Collective Action
Introduction
Social Capital
Forms of Collective Action
Conditions for Collective Action and Elite Capture
Critique of and Case for Induced Collective Action
Social Capital and Collective Action: A Review22
Africa
Asia
South America
Cross Continent
Summary
References
Part II Constructed Social Capital and Induced Collective Action
3 Local Support Organizations: An Exit Strategy for Rural Development NGOs
Introduction
LSO History, Structure, and Governance5
LSOs as Constructed Social Capital for Collective Action
Other Examples of Community Organization Federations
Research Design and Method
Criteria for Assessing LSO Effectiveness
Findings
Social Capital Stock
Institutional Assessment
Community Assessment of Benefits and Outcomes
Are the LSOs a Viable Exit Strategy for the RSPs?
Summary
Appendix 3.1: Selected Notable Examples of LSO Induced Collective Action
Appendix 3.2: Selected Illustration of Survey LSO Community Development Work
References
4 Gender and Livelihood Support Organizations
Introduction
Findings
Overview of Gender Balance in LSOs
Women LSOs: Filling Vacated Spaces
Comparative Performance
Summary
Appendix 4.1
Appendix 4.2: Successful Microcredit Case Studies
Reference
5 Rural Water Supply Scheme Sustainability: A Comparative Institutional Analysis
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Sampling and Study Design
Project Descriptions, Rules, and Implementation Procedures
Findings
Field Report Analysis
LGRDD/AJK
NRSP/AJK
NRSP/Punjab
NRSP/Sindh
PHED/Sindh
Data Analysis
Technical Evaluation Data Set
Community and Household Data Sets
Exploring Data Robustness and Hypotheses Testing
Summary
Appendix 5.1: Sampling
Appendix 5.2
Appendix 5.2.1: Scheme Patthi Wala, Muzaffarabad, AJK, LGRD
Village Profile
Scheme Delivery
Social Mobilization
Sustainability
Appendix 5.2.2: Androate, Rawalakot, AJK, NRSP
Village Profile
Scheme Delivery
Social Mobilization
Sustainability
Appendix 5.3: Construction of Variables for Multivariate Analysis
Scoring Method
References
Part III Indigenous Social Capital and Spontaneous and Mixed Forms of Collective Action
6 Forest Depredations in Pakistan: Spontaneous and Mixed Forms of Collective Action
Introduction
Field Work
Evidence of Deforestation
The State of Pakistan’s Forests
Forest Management in the KPK Province
The Ethnic, Environmental, and Socio-Economic Context
Resource Management in Historical Perspective
The Pre-invasion Era: Customary Law-Based Resource Rights
The Post-invasion Consolidation Period
The Colonial Transformation
Post-colonial Forest Mismanagement
Spontaneous Collective Action for Royalties17
Sarhad Awami Forestry Ittehad (SAFI)18
Origin19
Organization and Focus
Scope
Funding
Collective Action
Organized Resistance
Proactive Advocacy
Management Interventions
Summary and Conclusions
References
7 Reversing Unsustainable Policies and Practices in the Fisheries Sector: A Chronology of Collective Action by the Pakistan Fisheries Forum
Introduction
Marine Fisheries in Pakistan
Participatory (Community Based) Fisheries: Literature Review10
Research Method
Findings: Sources of Vulnerability for Fisherfolk
Unsustainable fishing methods/technologies16
Poverty-Resource Degradation Nexus
The Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum
Summary and Conclusions
Appendix
PFF proposed fisheries policy
References
8 Defying the Military: Spontaneous Collective Action for Social Justice
Introduction
Evolving Research Design and Method
Institutional Issues
Border Allocations
Conceptualization of the Border Allocation Scheme
Land Allocation Process
Legal Issues
Scope of Non-Border Allocations
Spontaneous Resistance
Organized Collective Action
Update on the Okara Military Farms Collective Action
Conclusion
References
9 The Allai Valley Earthquake and COVID 19: Collective Action Undermined
Introduction
The Social and Institutional Context of Resilience and Vulnerability
Research Method
Respondent Socio-Economic Characteristics
The Environmental Consequences of the Attrition of Resource Rights
Earthquake Damage to Communities
Institutional Barriers to Collective Action
Allai Valley
Union Council (UC7) Pind Begowal, Islamabad: The Impact of COVID-19
Conclusion
Appendix
Reference
Part IV Conclusion
10 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
References
Index