Acknowledgements
Introduction
Organization of the Book
References
Contents
Contributors
Smart Village Policy and Technology
1 Smart Village Initiatives: An Overview
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Technologies to be Adopted in Various Application Areas
1.3 Managerial Implication
1.4 Technological Requirements
1.4.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
1.4.2 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
1.4.3 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
1.4.4 Geography Information System (GIS)
1.4.5 Global Positioning System (GPS)
1.4.6 Remote Sensing (RS)
1.4.7 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
1.4.8 Cloud Computing
1.5 Applications in Smart Village Technology
1.5.1 Smart Agriculture System
1.5.2 Smart Waste Management System
1.5.3 Smart Water Management System
1.5.4 Smart Health Monitoring System
1.5.5 Smart Energy Management System
1.5.6 Smart Education System
1.5.7 Smart Safety System
1.5.8 Smart Environment and Climate System
1.5.9 Smart E-governance System
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 IOT, Smart Technologies, Smart Policing: The Impact for Rural Communities
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The IOT Contribution to Policing Strategies
2.2.1 Reactive Policing (RP)
2.2.2 Predictive Policing (PP)
2.2.3 Problem-Orientated Policing (POP)
2.2.4 Community-Oriented Policing (COP)
2.2.5 Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP)
2.2.6 Evidence Based Policing (EBP)
2.3 Concepts for Consideration: IOT, Big Data and Village Safety
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Scientific, Technological, and Innovation Dynamics in Nanotechnology for Smart Cities and Villages: The OECD Case and Its Implications for Latin America
Abstract
3.1 Challenges and Opportunities in Nanotechnology Research, Development, and Innovation
3.2 Scientific and Technological Dynamics in Nanotechnology in Latin America and Around the World
3.3 Method
3.4 Results
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
4 Digital Periphery? A Community Case Study of Digitalization Efforts in Swiss Mountain Regions
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Rural Change and Digitalization
4.2.2 From Digital Divide to an Urban-Rural Digital Divide
4.2.3 Adoption of Digital Technologies from a Community’s Perspective
4.3 Methodology—Community Case Study
4.3.1 Case Study Region—An Unusual Case
4.4 Results—Chances and Pitfalls of Experiencing Digital Connectivity in the Periphery
4.4.1 New Economic Opportunities
4.4.2 Digitalization and Distances Between Periphery and Core
4.4.3 Contradictions of Digitalization in the Periphery
4.4.4 Differences of Digitalization in the Mountain Community
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Digitalization and Its Impact on Life in Rural Areas: Exploring the Two Sides of the Atlantic: USA and Germany
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Rural Areas and Digitalization in Germany and the U.S
5.3 Setting Sails for the Digital Age
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Government Versus Private Sector-Led Smart Village Development Policies and Programs in India
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.3 Current Challenges in Indian Villages
6.4 Recent Indian Village Development Policies
6.4.1 Provision for Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA)
6.4.2 Member of Parliament Model Village Plan (MPMVP)
6.5 Case Study of Smart Villages Created Through Private Initiatives
6.5.1 Punsari Village, Gujarat
6.5.2 Akodara Village, Gujarat
6.5.3 Dharnai Village, Bihar
6.5.4 Village Knowledge Centers, Puducherry
6.6 Findings
6.7 Conclusion
6.8 Policy Recommendations
References
7 Can Haphazard Growth in Urban Villages Be Prevented? Experience from the Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Region
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Approach
7.3 Land Development and Periphery Control from 1960 to 2000
7.4 Land Development After Implementation of the 2011 Gandhinagar Development Plan
7.5 What Is Land Readjustment?
7.6 Land Readjustment for Planned Development in Villages
7.7 Urban Design Scenario for Adalaj Village
7.8 Discussion
7.9 Conclusions
References
Smart Agriculture and Water Management
8 Information and Communication Technology for Small-Scale Farmers: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Challenges Faced by Small-Scale Farmers
8.2.1 Poor Water Management and Water Shortage
8.2.2 High-Value Agricultural Products
8.2.3 Impact of Climate Change
8.2.4 Institutional Innovations for Productivity
8.2.5 Affordability
8.3 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
8.3.1 Remote Monitoring and Control
8.3.1.1 Sensors and Actuators
8.3.1.2 Wireless Communication Technologies
8.3.2 Data Aggregation
8.3.3 Cloud Computing in Agriculture
8.3.3.1 Farming Automation
8.3.3.2 Experience Sharing
8.3.3.3 Computational and Storage Support
8.4 Role of ICT in Automated Agriculture
8.4.1 Automatic Irrigation
8.4.2 Automatic Fertigation
8.4.3 Precision Agriculture
8.5 Challenges in ICT Based Precision Farming
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Big Data for Smart Agriculture
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristics of Big Data
9.3 Big Data and Smart Agriculture
9.4 Sources of Big Data
9.5 Tools for Big Data Analysis
9.6 Potential of Big Data in Agriculture
9.7 Challenges for Big Data in Agriculture
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 Smart Farming: An Overview
Abstract
10.1 Smart Farming
10.1.1 Smart Farm?
10.1.2 Autonomous and Robotic Labor
10.2 Replacing Labor with Automation, to Produce More and Higher Quality Food
10.2.1 Driverless Tractor
10.2.2 Automatic Watering and Irrigation
10.2.2.1 IoT-Enabled Sensors for Moisture Determination
10.2.3 Crop Health, Weeding, and Spraying
10.2.4 Planting and Sowing
10.2.5 Seedbed Preparation to Reseeding
10.2.6 Planting from the Air
10.2.7 Harvesting from Field
10.2.8 Drones for Fields
10.2.9 Yield Analysis and Mapping
10.3 Future Challenges, Opportunities, and Prospects
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 The Vertical Farm: Exploring Applications for Peri-urban Areas
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Food Security
11.1.2 Climate Change
11.1.3 Urban Density
11.1.4 Health
11.1.5 The Ecosystem
11.1.6 Economics
11.2 High-Tech Indoor Farming
11.2.1 Farming Methods
11.2.1.1 Hydroponics
11.2.1.2 Cylindrical Hydroponic Growing Systems
11.2.1.3 Ultrasonic Foggers
11.2.1.4 Aeroponics
11.2.1.5 GrowCube
11.2.1.6 Solar Aquaculture
11.2.1.7 Aquaponics
11.2.2 Lighting Technologies
11.2.3 Farming Operation
11.2.4 Farming from Afar
11.2.5 “Closed-Loop Agricultural” Ecosystems
11.2.5.1 Anaerobic Digester
11.2.6 Renewable Energy
11.2.7 Integration Within Utility Infrastructure
11.2.8 Redefining Vertical Farms
11.3 Vertical Farm Project Examples
11.3.1 Green Spirit Farms
11.3.2 FarmedHere
11.3.3 The Plant
11.4 Discussion: Opportunities and Challenges
11.5 Conclusions
11.6 Future Research
References
12 Water Loss Management Through Smart Water Systems
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Water Loss Control in Distribution Systems
12.3 The Transition Toward Smart Water Systems
12.4 Data Management in Smart Water Systems
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Rainwater Harvesting: A Challenging Strategy to Relieve Water Scarcity in Rural Areas
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Popularity of Water Tanks: A Process Against Scarcity
13.3 Different Types of Storage Systems
13.3.1 Rainwater Storage Systems
13.3.2 Stormwater Storage Systems in the Valley
13.3.3 Storage Tank Design
13.4 Water Storage Tanks in Morocco: A Typical Alternative for Rural Areas
13.4.1 Difficulties in Rural Areas
13.4.1.1 Habitat Dispersion
13.4.1.2 Difficulties of Management and Maintenance
13.4.1.3 Uneven Distribution of Water Resources
13.4.1.4 Organizational Difficulties
13.4.1.5 Weakness of Investments
13.4.2 Water Storage Tanks or “Matfia”; an Ancient Resource
13.4.2.1 Definition of “Matfia”
13.4.2.2 Tank Configuration
13.5 Quality of Stored Waters
13.5.1 Chemical Contamination of Reservoirs
13.5.2 Microbial Contamination of Reservoirs
13.5.3 Factors Leading to the Revival of Bacteria in a Water Reservoir
13.5.4 Risks Related to Reservoir Sediments
13.5.5 Impact of Reservoir Condition on the Quality of Stored Water
13.5.6 Organoleptic Quality: Tastes and Smells
13.6 Diseases Related to Storage Water
13.7 Measures to Protect the Stored Water Quality
13.7.1 Use and Maintenance
13.7.2 Regular Maintenance [115]
13.8 Regulations for the Domestic Use of Rainfall
References
14 Building Smart Water Communities: Technology and Institutions Toward Better Water
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Background and the Context
14.2.1 What Is “Smart”?
14.2.2 The Indian Context
14.2.2.1 The “Smart” Schemes
14.2.2.2 Water Service
14.3 Study Framework and Methodology
14.4 Improved Water Service: Meeting the Need of the Hour
14.4.1 NextDrop and the Mobile Phone: Providing Certainty in Service
14.4.2 Tankers and GPS: Ensuring Water Is Delivered
14.4.3 RO and Water Kiosks: Safe Water Where There Is None
14.5 Toward Smart Water Communities
14.5.1 Policy Framework
14.5.2 Local Capacity: Institutions and Communities
14.5.3 Understanding Barriers
14.5.4 Situating Within the Larger Context
14.6 Some Insights Forward
14.6.1 Smart Water
14.6.2 Communities as a Unit of Analysis
14.6.3 Institutions
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Stormwater Best Management Practices: Green Infra-structure in Rural Communities
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Preconditions
15.3 Overview of Stormwater Management Methods
15.4 Regulatory Framework
15.5 Existing Stormwater Sewage Systems
15.6 New Promises for Stormwater Management: Green Infrastructure as Best Management Practices
15.7 Types of Green Infrastructure
15.8 Case Study: Rural Ohio
15.9 Policy Challenges
15.10 Recommendations Going Forward
15.11 Concluding Remarks
References
Smart Renewable Energy Management
16 Solar Electrification and Zero Energy Rural Communities
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Energy Profile of Pakistan
16.3 Materials and Method
16.3.1 Domestic Household Load Requirements
16.3.2 Solar Resource Assessment
16.4 Design Results and Discussion
16.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
17 Review on Cow Manure as Renewable Energy
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Cow Manure as a Substrate in AD Process
17.3 Conclusion
References
18 Algae-Powered Buildings: A Strategy to Mitigate Climate Change and Move Toward Circular Economy
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Green Buildings Regulations
18.3 Algae-Powered Building
18.3.1 Operational Considerations
18.3.2 Cost and Long-Term Benefits
18.4 Smart Bioenergy Solutions
18.5 Algae-Powered Buildings: The Key Solution for Smart Villages
18.6 Conclusions
References
IoT and Smart Application
19 Scheduling Operations of Smart Appliances Using Demand Response
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Smart Grid
19.3 Demand Side Energy Management
19.4 Demand Response
19.4.1 Need of DR
19.4.2 Categories of DR Programs
19.5 Topical Research Articles on DR
19.5.1 Limitations in the Existing Works
19.6 Proposed System Model
19.6.1 Daily Energy Consumption
19.6.2 Energy Cost Function
19.6.3 Objective Function
19.7 Heuristic Optimization
19.7.1 GA (Genetic Algorithm) Based Optimization
19.7.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Based Optimization
19.7.3 Combination of GA and PSO
19.8 Simulation Results
19.9 Conclusion
19.10 Future Directives
References
20 Smart Villages in Depopulated Areas
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Smart Village, People and Rural Spaces
20.3 The European Politics on Smart Villages
20.4 National and Regional Styles for Smart Villages in Europe
20.5 Local Level and Smart Villages
20.6 Smart Villages, an Opportunity for Depopulated Areas
20.7 The Smart Villages in Depopulated Spain
20.8 Conclusion
References