Smart Grid Communications and Networking

✍ Scribed by Hossain, Ekram(Editor);Han, Zhu(Editor);Poor, H Vincent(Editor)

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2012
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 511
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The smart grid will transform the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted for. Adding intelligence through the newly networked grid will increase reliability and power quality, improve responsiveness, increase efficiency and provide a platform for new applications. This one-stop reference covers the state-of-the-art theory, key strategies, protocols, applications, deployment aspects and experimental studies of communication and networking technologies for the smart grid. Through the book's 20 chapters, a team of expert authors cover topics ranging from architectures and models through to integration of plug-in hybrid vehicles and security. Essential information is provided for researchers to make progress in the field and to allow power systems engineers to optimize communication systems for the smart grid.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Smart Grid Communications and Networking......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 19
Preface......Page 23
Part I: Communication architectures and models for smart grid......Page 31
1.1 Introduction......Page 33
1.2 Smart grid conceptual model......Page 35
1.3 Smart grid communication infrastructures......Page 36
1.3.3 Wide-area networks (WANs)......Page 38
1.4 Interoperability issues......Page 39
1.5.1 Customer premises......Page 42
1.5.2 Core communication network......Page 45
1.5.3 Last-mile connection......Page 48
1.5.4 Control centre......Page 50
1.5.5 Sensor and actuator networks (SANETs)......Page 51
1.6.1 Component-wise security......Page 53
1.6.2 Protocol security......Page 54
1.6.3 Network-wise security......Page 55
1.7.2 Quality-of-service (QoS) framework......Page 56
1.8 Conclusion......Page 57
2.2 Information in today's power system management operations......Page 64
2.2.1 The management operations in today's power systems......Page 65
2.2.2 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)......Page 67
2.2.3 Basic models for power system controls......Page 68
2.2.4 Existing power grid controls......Page 71
2.2.5 The intrinsic difficulties of networked control......Page 72
2.3 Enhanced smart grid measuring functionalities......Page 73
2.3.1 State estimation......Page 74
2.3.2 Wide-area measurement system (WAMS) and GridStat......Page 76
2.4 Demand-side management and demand response: the key todistribute cheap and green electrons......Page 80
2.4.1 The central electricity market......Page 81
2.4.2 Real-time pricing......Page 85
2.4.3 Direct load control......Page 89
2.4.4 Possibilities and challenges at the edge of the network......Page 90
2.5 Conclusion......Page 91
3.1 Introduction......Page 99
3.2 System model......Page 100
3.3.1 Residential load-scheduling model......Page 101
3.3.2 Energy-consumption scheduling problem formulation......Page 102
3.3.3 Energy-consumption scheduling algorithm......Page 105
3.3.4 Performance evaluation......Page 106
3.4.1 User preference and utility function......Page 107
3.4.2 Energy consumption-control problem formulation......Page 109
3.4.3 Equilibrium among users......Page 111
3.4.4 The Vickrey--Clarke--Groves (VCG) approach......Page 114
3.4.5 Performance evaluation of power-level selection algorithms......Page 116
3.5 Conclusion......Page 118
4.1 Introduction......Page 121
4.2 Ancillary services in V2G systems......Page 122
4.3 V2G system architectures......Page 125
4.3.1 Aggregation scenarios......Page 127
4.4 V2G systems communications......Page 128
4.4.2 Wireless personal-area networking and ZigBee......Page 129
4.4.4 Cellular networks......Page 130
4.5.1 Fulfilling communications needs......Page 131
4.6 Conclusion......Page 133
Part II: Physical data communications, access, detection, and estimation techniques for smart grid......Page 139
5.1.1 Legacy grid communications......Page 141
5.1.2 Smart grid objectives......Page 142
5.1.3 Data classification......Page 146
5.2 Communications media......Page 147
5.2.1 Wired solutions......Page 148
5.2.2 Wireless solutions......Page 151
5.3 Power-line communication standards......Page 155
5.3.1 Broadband power-line communications......Page 156
5.3.2 Narrowband power-line communications......Page 158
5.3.3 PLC coexistence......Page 160
5.4.1 Short-range solutions......Page 161
5.4.2 Long-range solutions......Page 163
5.5.2 Public vs. private networks......Page 166
5.5.3 Internet and IP-based networking......Page 167
5.5.4 Wireless sensor networks......Page 169
5.5.5 Machine-to-machine communications......Page 170
5.6 Conclusion......Page 172
6.1 Introduction......Page 177
6.2.1 Wired vs. wireless......Page 180
6.2.2 Capillary M2M......Page 182
6.2.3 Cellular M2M......Page 184
6.3 M2M applications......Page 186
6.4 M2M architectural standards bodies......Page 187
6.4.1 ETSI M2M......Page 188
6.4.2 3GPP MTC......Page 190
6.5.1 M2M architecture......Page 193
6.5.2 Transmission and distribution networks......Page 195
6.5.3 End-user appliances......Page 198
6.6 Conclusion......Page 201
7.1 Introduction......Page 205
7.2.1 Wide-area state-estimation model......Page 206
7.2.2 Bad-data processing in state estimation......Page 207
7.2.3 Related work......Page 208
7.3.1 Preliminaries......Page 210
7.3.2 Proposed algorithm for distributed bad-data detection......Page 211
7.4 Case study......Page 213
7.4.1 Case 1......Page 214
7.4.2 Case 2......Page 217
7.5 Conclusion......Page 219
8.1 Introduction......Page 221
8.2 Background......Page 222
8.3 State estimation model......Page 223
8.4.3 Weighted average estimation......Page 225
8.5 Conclusion......Page 228
Part III: Smart grid and wide-area networks......Page 233
9.1 Introduction......Page 235
9.2.1 PMU and PDC......Page 236
9.2.2 Hardware architecture......Page 237
9.2.3 Software infrastructure......Page 239
9.3 Communication networks for WAMS......Page 240
9.3.1 Communication needs......Page 241
9.3.2 Transmission medium......Page 242
9.3.3 Communication protocols......Page 243
9.4.1 Power-system monitoring......Page 244
9.4.2 Power-system protection......Page 247
9.4.3 Power-system control......Page 251
9.5.2 System infrastructure modelling......Page 253
9.5.3 Application classification......Page 255
9.5.4 Monitoring simulation......Page 256
9.5.5 Protection simulation......Page 258
9.5.6 Control simulation......Page 259
9.5.7 Hybrid simulation......Page 260
9.6 Conclusion......Page 261
10.2.1 Application types......Page 264
10.2.2 Quality-of-service (QoS) requirements......Page 265
10.2.3 Classifying applications by QoS requirements......Page 266
10.2.4 Traffic requirements......Page 270
10.3 Network topologies......Page 273
10.3.1 Communication actors......Page 274
10.3.2 Connectivity......Page 275
10.4.2 Path-loss......Page 278
10.4.3 Coverage......Page 279
10.4.4 Capacity......Page 281
10.4.5 Resilience......Page 282
10.5 Performance metrics and tradeoffs......Page 283
10.5.1 Coverage area......Page 284
10.5.2 Capacity......Page 286
10.5.3 Reliability......Page 288
10.5.4 Latency......Page 290
10.6 Conclusion......Page 291
Part IV: Sensor and actuator networks for smart grid......Page 293
11.1 Introduction......Page 295
11.2 WSN-based smart grid applications......Page 296
11.2.1 Consumer side......Page 297
11.2.2 Transmission and distribution side......Page 298
11.2.3 Generation side......Page 301
11.3 Research challenges for WSN-based smart grid applications......Page 302
11.4 Conclusion......Page 304
12.1 Introduction......Page 309
12.2 Sensors and sensing principles......Page 310
12.2.1 Metering and power-quality sensors......Page 311
12.2.2 Power system status and health monitoring sensors......Page 314
12.3 Communication protocols for smart grid......Page 315
12.3.1 MAC protocols......Page 317
12.3.2 Routing protocols......Page 320
12.3.3 Transport protocols......Page 325
12.4 Challenges for WSN protocol design in smart grid......Page 327
12.5 Conclusion......Page 329
13.1 Introduction......Page 333
13.2 Energy and information flow in smart grid......Page 335
13.3 SANET in smart grid......Page 336
13.3.1 Applications of SANET in SG......Page 337
13.3.2 Actors of SANET in smart grid......Page 340
13.3.3 Challenges for SANET in smart grid......Page 343
13.4.1 Pervasive service-oriented network (PERSON)......Page 344
13.4.3 Compressive sensing (CS)......Page 346
13.4.4 Device technologies......Page 347
13.5.1 Energy-management system......Page 348
13.5.2 EMS design and implementation......Page 349
13.6 Conclusion......Page 351
14.1 Introduction......Page 354
14.2 Constrained protocol stack for smart grid......Page 355
14.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4......Page 356
14.2.2 IPv6 over low-power WPANs......Page 357
14.2.3 Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks......Page 358
14.2.4 Constrained application protocol......Page 361
14.3 Implementation......Page 362
14.3.2 6LoWPAN......Page 363
14.3.3 RPL......Page 365
14.3.4 CoAP......Page 366
14.4 Performance evaluation......Page 369
14.4.1 Link performance using IEEE 802.15.4......Page 370
14.4.2 Network throughput with 6LoWPAN......Page 371
14.4.3 Network throughput with RPL in multihop scenarios......Page 373
14.4.4 CoAP performance......Page 375
14.4.5 CoAP multihop performance......Page 377
14.5 Conclusion......Page 378
Part V: Security in smart grid communications and networking......Page 381
15.1 Introduction......Page 383
15.2.1 Risk management......Page 384
15.3 Cyber-attack impact analysis framework......Page 386
15.3.1 Graphs and dynamical systems......Page 387
15.3.2 Graph-based dynamical systems model synthesis......Page 388
15.4.1 13-node distribution test system......Page 389
15.4.2 Model synthesis......Page 392
15.4.3 Attack scenario 1......Page 393
15.4.4 Attack scenario 2......Page 395
15.4.5 Attack scenario 3......Page 396
15.5 Conclusion......Page 398
16.1 Introduction......Page 403
16.2 Model of power market......Page 405
16.3.1 Attack mechanism......Page 406
16.3.2 Analysis of the damage......Page 408
16.4 Defence countermeasures......Page 412
16.5 Conclusion......Page 414
17.1 Introduction......Page 418
17.2.1 Power network and measurement models......Page 419
17.2.2 State estimation and bad-data detection......Page 421
17.2.3 BDD and stealth attacks......Page 422
17.3 Stealth attacks over a point-to-point SCADA network......Page 423
17.3.1 Minimum-cost stealth attacks: problem formulation......Page 424
17.3.2 Exact computation of minimum-cost stealth attacks......Page 425
17.3.3 Upper bound on the minimum cost......Page 426
17.3.4 Numerical results......Page 428
17.4.1 Perfect protection......Page 430
17.4.3 Numerical results......Page 431
17.5 Stealth attacks over a routed SCADA network......Page 433
17.5.1 Measurement attack cost......Page 434
17.5.2 Substation attack impact......Page 435
17.5.3 Numerical results......Page 436
17.6 Protection against stealth attacks for a routed SCADA network......Page 437
17.6.1 Single-path and multi-path routing......Page 438
17.7 Conclusion......Page 440
18.1 Introduction......Page 443
18.2 Hierarchical architecture......Page 445
18.2.2 Control layer......Page 448
18.2.5 Supervisory layer......Page 449
18.3 Robust and resilient control......Page 450
18.4 Secure network routing......Page 454
18.4.1 Hierarchical routing......Page 455
18.4.2 Centralized vs. decentralized architectures......Page 457
18.5.1 Vulnerability management......Page 459
18.5.2 User patching......Page 460
18.6 Conclusion......Page 464
19.1 Introduction......Page 469
19.2 Intrusion detection for advanced metering infrastructures......Page 471
19.2.1 Smart meters and security issues......Page 472
19.2.2 Architecture for situational awareness and monitoring solution......Page 473
19.2.3 Enforcing security policies with specification-based IDS......Page 475
19.3 Converged networks for SCADA systems......Page 478
19.3.1 Requirements and challenges for convergence......Page 479
19.3.2 Architecture with time-critical constraints......Page 480
Design, implementation, and experimentation......Page 46
19.4 Design principles for authentication......Page 483
19.4.2 Design principles for authentication protocols......Page 484
19.4.3 Use case: secure authentication supplement to DNP3......Page 485
19.5 Conclusion......Page 488
Part VI: Field trials and deployments......Page 493
20.2.1 The Jeju smart grid testbed......Page 495
20.2.2 ADS program for Hydro One......Page 497
20.2.3 The SmartHouse project......Page 499
20.3 Smart electricity systems......Page 500
20.4 Smart consumers......Page 501
20.4.1 PEPCO......Page 502
20.4.2 Commonwealth Edison......Page 503
20.4.4 California statewide pricing pilot......Page 504
20.5 Lessons learned......Page 505
20.6 Conclusion......Page 506
Index......Page 508