Slip and Fall Prevention: A Practical Handbook

✍ Scribed by Steven Di Pilla

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2003
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 284
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The average cost of a worker fall is $12,470, increasing to over $26,000 when lost production and other costs are factored in. At a profit margin of 10%, more than $250,000 of revenue needs to be generated to cover a single slip/fall loss. Costs are higher for falls sustained by the public.Slip and Fall Prevention: A Practical Handbook responds by providing safety engineers and claims professionals with a one-stop guide to preventing and responding to slip and falls. This overview provides specific guidelines for facility design, effective management control programs, and test methods for pedestrian safety and slip resistance. In addition to exposure analysis of high-risk businesses, situations, and locations, the handbook also describes procedures for reporting, investigating, and mitigating incidents. Equipped with the information in this reference, businesses will be prepared to identify and manage factors contributing to slip and falls, reducing exposure to these frequent and costly losses

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
The Author......Page 12
Introduction (Statistics)......Page 14
Contents......Page 18
1.3 Distractions......Page 28
1.4.2 Curbing......Page 29
1.4.3 Curb CutOuts......Page 31
1.4.4 Other Walkway Impediments......Page 33
1.5 Level Walkway Surfaces and Water......Page 36
1.6 Parking Areas......Page 37
1.6.1 Tire Stops......Page 38
1.6.2 Speed Bumps......Page 40
1.8 Stairs......Page 43
1.8.2 Stair Landings......Page 44
1.9.1 Graspability......Page 46
1.10 Guards (or Guardrails)......Page 47
1.11.1 Ramp Design......Page 49
1.12.1 General Precautions......Page 51
1.12.3 Mat Design......Page 52
1.12.4 Mat Design and Arrangement......Page 53
1.12.7 Protection of Hard Flooring Surfaces......Page 54
1.13 Bathrooms......Page 55
1.15 Escalators......Page 56
1.16 Carpet......Page 58
1.18 Signage......Page 59
1.19.1 NFPA International (formerly National Fire Protection Association)......Page 60
1.19.2 ASTM International (Formerly American Society of Testing and Materials)......Page 61
1.19.5 Model Building Codes (IBC, BOCA, NBC, SBC, UBC)......Page 62
1.19.6 ASME International (formerly American Society of Mechanical Engineers)......Page 63
2.3 Behavioral Safety and Pedestrian Traffic Flow......Page 68
2.3.2 Adapt or Adopt......Page 69
2.5 Self-Inspection Programs......Page 70
2.6 Spill and Wet Program......Page 71
2.7.2 Personnel and Responsibilities......Page 72
2.7.4 Priorities for Removal......Page 73
2.8 Lighting......Page 74
2.8.1 Light Sources......Page 75
2.8.2 Lighting Levels — Safety Only......Page 76
2.8.3 Lighting Levels — Categories......Page 77
2.8.5 Maintenance......Page 78
2.9.1 General Administrative Measures......Page 79
2.9.3 Fundamental Guidelines......Page 80
2.11.1 Tracking Exposure......Page 81
2.11.3 Developing Solutions......Page 82
3.2 Principles of Friction......Page 86
3.3 Slip Resistance Defined......Page 87
3.4 Slip Resistance Factors......Page 88
3.5 Slip Resistance Scale......Page 89
3.6.1 Height or Sharpness......Page 90
3.7 Wet Surfaces......Page 91
3.8 Classes of Tribometers......Page 92
3.9 Hunter Machine......Page 93
4.2 ASTM International (Formerly American Society for Testing and Materials)......Page 96
4.4 F489 Standard Test Method for Using a James Machine......Page 97
4.5 F609 Standard Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter (HPS)......Page 101
4.6 F1678 Standard Test Method for Using a Portable Articulated Strut Slip Tester (PAST)......Page 102
4.7 F1677 Standard Test Method for Using a Portable Inclinable Articulated Strut Slip Tester (PIAST)......Page 104
4.8 F1679 Standard Test Method for Using a Variable Incidence Tribometer (VIT)......Page 106
4.9.1 Leather......Page 108
4.9.2 Neolite® Test Liner......Page 109
4.9.3 Rubbers and Other Footwear Materials......Page 110
4.10.2 ASTM F1240......Page 111
4.11 Other ASTM Committees with Pedestrian Traction Activities......Page 112
4.11.1 Committee D21 Polishes......Page 113
4.11.3 F15 Consumer Products......Page 114
4.11.4 C21 Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products......Page 115
4.12 A Work in Progress: The ASTM "Gold" Standard......Page 118
4.13 Other Groundbreaking Research......Page 120
5.2.1 Section 1910.22 General Requirements......Page 124
5.2.3 1926 Subpart R — Steel Erection Regulatory (3)......Page 125
5.3.1 A4.5 Ground and Floor Surfaces/A4.5.1 General......Page 126
5.5.1 RR-G-1602D......Page 127
5.6.6 MIL-W-5044C......Page 128
5.8 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)......Page 129
5.8.1 A1264.2-2001......Page 130
5.9.1 UL 410......Page 131
5.11.1 Federal Test Method Standard 501a, Method 7121......Page 133
5.11.4 ASTM D-21 Gray Pages......Page 134
5.12.2 Consumer Specialty Products Association (CSPA)......Page 135
5.12.3 Resilient Floor Covering Institute (RFCI)......Page 136
5.12.6 National Safety Council (NSC)......Page 137
5.12.7 American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)......Page 138
6.2 The Threshold of Safety......Page 150
6.3.5 Assessment of Floor Treatment/Cleaning Products and Methods......Page 151
6.5 Equipment Calibration and Maintenance......Page 152
6.6.1 Resilient Flooring......Page 153
6.6.2 Non-Resilient Flooring......Page 154
6.7.1 Conventional Floor Finishes......Page 156
6.7.3 Surface Grooving and Texturing......Page 157
6.8 The Impact of Wear......Page 158
6.9.2 Floor Finish Condition Indicators......Page 159
6.9.4 Common Cleaning Scenario......Page 160
6.9.7 Texturing......Page 161
6.10 Maintenance and Condition of Floor Care Equipment......Page 162
6.10.1 Preventative Maintenance Check for Floor Machines......Page 163
6.11 Floor Treatment Study......Page 164
7.2.1 Sole Compounds......Page 180
7.2.3 General Guidelines for Shoe Design and Selection......Page 181
7.3.1 Labeling for Usage......Page 182
7.4 Advertising......Page 183
7.6 Other Protective Features......Page 184
7.8.2 Purchase Options......Page 185
7.10 International Footwear Standards for Slip Resistance......Page 186
7.10.1 ISO......Page 187
8.2 Slip and Fall Statistics Overseas......Page 188
8.3 Overseas Standard Development......Page 189
8.4 Ramp Tests......Page 190
8.5 Pendulum Testers......Page 192
8.6 Digitized Dragsleds......Page 194
8.7 Other Dragsleds......Page 196
8.8 Portable Friction Tester......Page 197
8.9.1 European Standards......Page 198
8.9.2 German Standards......Page 200
8.9.3 British Standards......Page 202
8.9.4 Swedish Standards......Page 203
8.9.5 Australia/New Zealand Standards......Page 204
8.9.6 Canadian Standards......Page 206
8.9.8 International Organization For Standardization (ISO)......Page 207
8.10.1 The U.K. Slip Resistance Research Group......Page 209
8.10.3 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)......Page 210
8.10.4 INRS National Research and Safety Institute......Page 211
8.10.8 National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC)......Page 212
8.10.9 International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)......Page 213
9.2.2 Interior Controls......Page 228
9.3 Restaurants......Page 229
9.5 Health Care......Page 230
9.5.1 Interior Facility Controls — Residents......Page 231
9.6 Mercantile......Page 232
9.7 Trucking Industry......Page 233
10.2 Pitfalls of Accident Reporting and Investigation......Page 244
10.4.1 Claimant and Witness Information......Page 245
10.4.3 Detailed Occurrence Information......Page 246
10.4.6 Handrails......Page 247
10.5 Incident Reporting......Page 248
10.8 Fraud Control Indicators......Page 249
10.9 Fraud Control......Page 250
10.11 Staff Issues......Page 251
Bibliography......Page 262
A......Page 274
C......Page 275
E......Page 276
F......Page 277
I......Page 278
M......Page 279
P......Page 280
S......Page 281
T......Page 282
W......Page 283
Z......Page 284