Sleep Neurology: A Comprehensive Guide to Basic and Clinical Aspects

✍ Scribed by Lourdes M. DelRosso, Raffaele Ferri

• Publisher: Springer International Publishing
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 307
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This practical text provides knowledge of the basic neuroscience of sleep and sleep disorders as they interrelate with various neurologic conditions.

Chapters in the first section cover neural networks involved in normal sleep processes, including dreams and memory. Also discussed are how these neural networks interact in various sleep stages and sleep disorders, such as sleep related movement disorders. The book's second section explores the pathophysiology of sleep disorders in the spectrum of neurologic conditions in both adults and children. This includes sleep changes in patients with dementia, seizures, headaches, and stroke, and other common neurologic disorders.

Sleep Neurology fills an important gap in the sleep medicine literature by providing the underpinnings of sleep disorders and will be of great value to students, residents, and clinicians.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
Part I: Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness
1: Neurobiology of Wakefulness
Introduction
Neural Circuits of Wakefulness
Anatomical Components of the Arousal System
Brain Stem Nuclei
The Locus Ceruleus (LC)
Pedunculopontine Tegmentum (PPT) and Laterodorsal Tegmentum (LDT)
Raphe Nuclei
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Neurotransmitters of Wakefulness
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine
Hypocretin (Orexin)
Dopamine
Glutamate
Electroencephalogram (EEG) of Wakefulness
Physiology of Wakefulness
Conclusion
References
2: Neurobiology of Sleep
Introduction
NREM Sleep
Neural Pathways
Neurotransmitters
Key Points
Polysomnography Findings
Physiology
Motor Activity
Sensory Information Processing
Homeostatic Controls
Cardiovascular Functions
Respiratory Changes
Endocrine Functions
Body Temperature
Renal Function
Digestive Functions
REM Sleep
Acetylcholine
Monoamines
GABA
Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH)
Polysomnography Findings
Physiology
Metabolism and Blood Flow
Cardiovascular Functions
Respiratory Changes
Body Temperature
Sexual Functions
Conclusion
References
3: Neurobiology of the Control of Sleep
Introduction
Circadian Rhythm
Circadian Anatomy
The Pacemaker: The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Circadian Afferents
Circadian Efferents
Circadian Physiology
Generation of Circadian Rhythms
Circadian Entrainment
Circadian Coupling Disorders
Markers of Process C
Dim Light Melatonin Onset
Body Temperature
Cortisol
Homeostatic Control of Sleep
Anatomy
Physiology
Markers
Ultradian Rhythm
Circadian Draining of Waste During Sleep
Conclusion
References
4: The Neurological Consequences of Sleep Deprivation
Introduction
Incidence of Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation
Neurobiology of Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction
Pathophysiology of Sleep Loss
Recovery from Sleep Loss
Summary
References
5: Neurobiology of Dreams
Introduction: Terminology and History of Psychophysiological Research on Dreaming
Dream Phenomenology, Recall Frequency, and Functions of Dreaming
Neuropsychology of Dreaming
Electrophysiology of Dreaming
Neuroimaging; Insights into the Neuroanatomy and Neurochemistry of Dreaming
Recent Advances in Dream Research Through New Methods of Sleep Recording and Analysis
References
6: Neurobiology of Memory and Sleep
Introduction
Memory Processes
Neurobiology of Memory
Role of Sleep in Memory
Role of Specific Sleep Stages in Memory
Role of Alternative Sleep Periods in Memory
Conclusion
References
7: Neurobiology of Insomnia
Introduction
Sleep-Wake Regulation Systems
Wakefulness
Sleep
Flip-Flop Switch
Homeostatic Regulation
Circadian Regulation
Alterations in Insomnia
Methods and Techniques
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Insomnia Subtypes
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Evoked Potentials (ERPs)
Insomnia Subtypes
Waking Aspects of Insomnia
24-Hour Phenomenon
Physiological Measurements and Cognitive Deficits
Waking EEG
Waking ERPs
Cerebral Connectivity
Insomnia and ADHD
A New Way to See Insomnia?
Conclusion and Future Directions
Further Readings
References
8: Narcolepsy and Central Nervous System Hypersomnias
Introduction
Narcolepsy
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Kleine Levin Syndrome (KLS)
Conclusions
References
9: Neurobiology of Parasomnias
Introduction
General Pathophysiology
NREM Sleep-Related Parasomnias
Disorders of Arousal (DOA)
Pathophysiology of Disorders of Arousal
Etiology of Disorders of Arousal
Pathophysiology of SRED
REM Sleep-Related Parasomnias
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
Pathophysiology of RBD
Parasomnia Overlap Disorder and Status Dissociatus
Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis
Nightmares
Other Parasomnias
Isolated Symptoms and Normal Variants: Sleep Talking
Conclusions
References
10: Neurobiology of Sleep-Related Movements
Periodic Limb Movements
Dopaminergic Dysfunction and Supraspinal Networks
Iron Status
Striatal and Cortical Hypoadenosinergic State
Spinal Cord
Genetic Diathesis
Other Theories
Other Leg Motor Activities During Sleep
Alternating Leg Muscle Activation
Hypnagogic Foot Tremor
High-Frequency Leg Movements
Excessive Fragmentary Myoclonus
Propriospinal Myoclonus at Sleep Onset
Sleep Bruxism
Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
Sleep Starts
Neck Myoclonus During Sleep
Conclusion
References
Part II: Sleep in Neurologic Conditions
11: Sleep in Seizure Disorders
Introduction
Sleep-Related Epilepsy
Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy
The Clinical Spectrum of Benign Epilepsy During Sleep
Sleep Macrostructure
Sleep Microstructure
Sleep Disorders, Co-morbidity, Differential Diagnosis and Consequences
Co-morbid Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Epilepsy
Co-morbid Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in Epilepsy
Co-morbid Parasomnia in Epilepsy
Association of Sleep with Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
The Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) on Sleep
Sleep and System Epilepsy: The Cognitive Impact
References
12: Sleep in Headaches
Introduction
Pathophysiological Considerations
The Specific Links Between Headache and Sleep
Sleep Disturbances in Subjects with Headache
Specific Sleep Disorders in Subjects with Headache
Insomnia
Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep Parasomnias
Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements (PLMS)
Sleep Bruxism (SB)
Narcolepsy
Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Objective Studies in Headaches
Hypnic Headache Syndrome
Treatment for Both Migraine and Sleep
Nonpharmacologic Treatment
Diet
Behavioral Interventions
Biofeedback
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Interventions
Natural Treatments
Nonpharmacologic Treatment in Children and Adolescents
Pharmacologic Treatment
Antihistaminics
Melatonin
Serotonergic Drugs
Conclusion
References
13: Sleep in Cerebral Palsy
Introduction
Spectrum of Sleep Disorders in Children with CP
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Insomnia
Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Hypersomnias, Parasomnias, and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Sleep Disorders in Children with CP
Intrinsic Factors
Structural Abnormalities
Epilepsy
Visual Impairment
Cognitive Disability
Pain and Muscle Spasticity
Extrinsic Factors
Antiepileptic Medications
Positioning and Posturing Devices
Familial and Cultural Effects
Behavioral Correlates
Social Impact of Sleep Disorders on Children with Cerebral Palsy and Their Families
Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Children with CP
References
14: Sleep and Cerebrovascular Disease
Introduction
Sleep Disorders and Stroke Risk
Sleep Duration and Its Effects on Stroke Risk Factors
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Risk of Stroke
Sleep Disorders as a Consequence of Stroke
Insomnia
Hypersomnia/Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Restless Leg Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Circadian Variation
Diagnosis of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Stroke Patients
Wake-Up Strokes
Stroke Recovery
References
15: Sleep in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Introduction
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep
Parasomnias
Insomnia
Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Hypersomnia and Fatigue
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder in ALS
Treatment of ALS
Invasive Ventilation
References
16: Sleep After Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction
Pathophysiology of TBI
Sleep After TBI
Sleep and Sleep-Wake Cycle Are Often Altered After TBI
Pathophysiology of Sleep-Wake Disorders After TBI
Sleep-Wake Disturbances After TBI
Insomnia
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Increased Need for Sleep, and Hypersomnia
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Sleep-Breathing Disorders
Management of Sleep and Sleep-Wake Disorders After TBI
The Role of Sleep in Recovery After TBI
Conclusions
References
17: Disorders of Sleep and Wakefulness in Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
Introduction
Parkinson’s Disease
Insomnia in Parkinson’s Disease
REM Behavior Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease
Restless Legs Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease
Sleep Apnea in Parkinson’s Disease
Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Sleep Attacks in Parkinson’s Disease
Sleep in Other Movement Disorders
Essential Tremor
Tourette Syndrome
Dystonia
Huntington’s Disease
Cerebellar Ataxias
Conclusion
References
18: Sleep in Elderly Adults and in Subjects with Dementia
Introduction
Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness
The Functions of Sleep
Sleep in the Healthy Elderly
Polysomnographic Measurement of Sleep
Sleep in Subjects with Dementia
Sleep Disturbances and Risk of Dementia
Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Subjects with Dementia
Non-pharmacological Treatment
Summary
References
Index