Skin Disorders in Migrants

✍ Scribed by Aldo Morrone (editor), Roderick Hay (editor), Bernard Naafs (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 241
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This richly illustrated book is a comprehensive guide to the dermatologic disorders that may be encountered in refugees and other migrants. It will equip readers to diagnose and treat a diverse range of skin diseases and conditions, including, but not limited to, infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, dermatologic manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases, dermatoses associated with malnutrition, pigmentary disorders, bullous diseases, connective tissue diseases, and benign and malignant cutaneous neoplasias. Attention is drawn to various neglected tropical skin diseases and to the characteristic signs of torture and genital mutilations. Helpful information is also provided on the significance of skin color and the relevance of ethnic and genetic factors. The clinical chapters are complemented by discussion of the circumstances that give rise to migration, such as poverty, war, and environmental conditions. This enables the reader to gain a more rounded understanding of patients’ circumstances that in turn will positively impact on patient care. This book will be of wide interest to dermatologists, whether experienced or in training, as well as to general physicians and researchers.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: What Does It Mean to Be a Migrant, Asylum Seeker, or Refugee: Current Global Situation
1.1 The Human Rights Paradigm
1.2 Migration: Magnitude and Terminology
1.3 Why People Migrate: “Forced” and “Voluntary” Migrants
References
2: Medical, Social, and Civic Needs of Displaced Persons
References
3: Viral Dermatoses
3.1 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
3.2 Human Papilloma Virus Infections
3.3 Pityriasis Rosea
References
4: Bacterial Dermatoses
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Clinical Features
4.2.1 Impetigo
4.2.2 Ecthyma
4.2.3 Folliculitis and Furuncles
4.2.4 Carbuncles
4.2.5 Abscess
4.2.6 Suppurative Paronychia
4.2.7 Erythrasma
4.2.8 Pitted Keratolysis
4.2.9 Erysipelas
4.2.10 Systemic Complications
4.3 Management
References
5: Non-Venereal Treponematoses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Yaws
5.3 Bejel
5.4 Pinta
References
6: Fungal Infections
6.1 Superficial Mycoses
6.1.1 Dermatophytosis
6.1.1.1 Clinical Features and Treatment
6.1.2 Onychomycosis
6.1.3 Superficial Candidosis
6.1.3.1 Clinical Features and Treatment
6.1.3.2 Laboratory Diagnosis
6.1.4 Superficial Malassezia Infection
6.2 Deep Mycoses
6.2.1 Subcutaneous Mycoses
6.2.1.1 Clinical Features and Treatment
6.2.2 Systemic Mycoses
References
7: Protozoan Dermatoses
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transmission
7.3 Clinical Features of CL
7.4 Diagnosis
7.5 Treatment
References
8: Helminthic Dermatoses
8.1 Nematodes
8.1.1 Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)
8.1.1.1 Global Distribution
8.1.1.2 Diagnosis
8.1.1.3 Differential Diagnosis
8.1.1.4 Treatment
8.1.2 Lymphatic Filariasis
8.1.2.1 Global Distribution
8.1.2.2 Diagnosis
8.1.2.3 Differential Diagnosis
8.1.2.4 Treatment
8.1.3 Gnathostomiasis
8.1.3.1 Global Distribution
8.1.3.2 Diagnosis
8.1.3.3 Treatment
8.1.4 Loiasis
8.1.4.1 Global Distribution
8.1.4.2 Diagnosis
8.1.4.3 Treatment
8.1.5 Onchocerciasis
8.1.5.1 Global Distribution
8.1.5.2 Treatment
8.1.6 Strongyloidiasis
8.1.6.1 Global Distribution
8.1.6.2 Diagnosis
8.1.6.3 Treatment
8.2 Trematodes and Cestodes
8.2.1 Schistosomiasis
8.2.1.1 Global Distribution
8.2.1.2 Diagnosis
8.2.1.3 Treatment
8.2.2 Cysticercosis
8.2.2.1 Treatment
References
9: Dermatoses Caused by Arthropods
9.1 Bites and Stings
9.2 Insect Bites
9.3 Infestations
9.3.1 Scabies
9.3.2 Myiasis
9.3.3 Tungaiasis
9.3.4 Lice (Pediculosis and Pthiriasis)
References
10: Eczema and Dermatitis
10.1 Atopic Dermatitis
10.1.1 Pathogenesis
10.1.2 Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects
10.1.3 Differential Diagnosis
10.1.4 Histopathology
10.1.5 Treatment
10.1.5.1 Topical Therapies
10.1.5.2 Systemic Therapies
10.1.5.3 Phototherapy and Photochemotherapy
10.1.5.4 Other Strategies
10.2 Contact Dermatitis
10.2.1 Pathogenesis
10.2.2 Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects
10.2.3 Differential Diagnosis
10.2.4 Treatment
10.3 Seborrhoeic Dermatitis
10.3.1 Pathogenesis, Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects
10.3.2 Differential Diagnosis
10.3.3 Histopathology
10.3.4 Treatment
References
11: Maculo-Papulo-Squamous Dermatoses
11.1 Lichen Planus
11.2 Psoriasis
References
12: Bullous Diseases
12.1 Introduction
12.2 What Causes Skin Blisters?
12.3 Diagnostic Approach to Blisters
12.4 Etiopathogenetic Classification
12.4.1 Mechanical/Physical Blisters
12.4.2 Infectious Blistering
12.4.2.1 Herpes Simplex Virus
12.4.2.2 Herpes Zoster Virus
12.4.2.3 Culicosis Bullosa
12.4.2.4 Bullous Impetigo/Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
12.4.2.5 Bullous Tinea
12.4.2.6 Contagious Ecthyma
12.4.3 Edema and Spongiosis
12.4.4 Hand-Feet Eczema
12.4.5 Autoimmune Mucocutaneous Blistering Diseases
12.4.5.1 Bullous Pemphigoid (BP)
12.4.5.2 Pemphigus Vulgaris and Pemphigus Foliaceus
12.4.6 Toxic Epidermal Reactions
12.4.6.1 Erythema Exsudativum Multiforme (EEM)
12.4.6.2 Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
12.5 Practical Tips for Blister/Wound Care
References
13: Connective Tissue Disorders
13.1 Lupus Erythematosus Chronicus Discoides
13.1.1 Synonyms
13.1.2 Definition
13.1.3 Distribution
13.1.4 Clinical Features
13.1.5 Diagnosis
13.1.6 Management
13.2 Dermatomyositis
13.2.1 Synonyms
13.2.2 Definition
13.2.3 Distribution
13.2.4 Clinical Features
13.2.5 Diagnosis
13.2.6 Therapy
13.3 Scleroderma
13.3.1 Synonyms
13.3.2 Definition
13.3.3 Distribution
13.3.4 Clinical Features
13.3.5 Diagnosis
13.3.6 Therapy
References
14: Urticaria and Drug-Induced Eruptions
14.1 Urticaria-Angioedema
14.1.1 Definition
14.1.2 Synonyms
14.1.3 Distribution
14.1.4 Clinical Features
14.1.5 Pathogenesis
14.1.6 Diagnosis
14.1.7 Histopathology
14.1.8 Therapy
14.2 Cutaneous Drug Reactions
14.2.1 Epidemiology, History, and Global Burden
14.2.2 Pathogenesis
14.2.3 Clinical Features
14.2.3.1 Focus on Allergy to Vaccines
14.2.3.2 Features and Management of Adverse Reaction to Vaccine or its Components
14.2.4 Management of ADR
References
15: Hair, Nails, and Sweat Glands Disorders
15.1 Hair
15.1.1 Hair Care
15.1.2 Physiopathology
15.1.3 Hair Loss
15.2 Nail
15.3 Gland
References
16: Benign Cutaneous Neoplasms
16.1 Seborrhoeic Keratosis
16.1.1 Epidemiology
16.1.2 Pathophysiology
16.1.3 Clinical Features
16.1.4 Diagnosis
16.1.5 Therapy
16.2 Melanocytic Nevus
16.2.1 Epidemiology
16.2.2 Pathophysiology
16.2.3 Clinical Features
16.2.4 Diagnosis
16.2.5 Therapy
16.3 Epidermal Cyst
16.3.1 Epidemiology
16.3.2 Pathophysiology
16.3.3 Clinical Features
16.3.4 Diagnosis
16.3.5 Therapy
16.4 Fibroma
16.4.1 Epidemiology
16.4.2 Pathophysiology
16.4.3 Clinical Features
16.4.4 Therapy
16.5 Dermatofibroma
16.5.1 Epidemiology
16.5.2 Pathophysiology
16.5.3 Clinical Features
16.5.4 Diagnosis
16.5.5 Therapy
16.6 Cherry Angioma
16.6.1 Epidemiology
16.6.2 Pathophysiology
16.6.3 Clinical Features
16.6.4 Therapy
References
17: Malignant Cutaneous Neoplasms
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma
17.2.1 Definition and Etiology
17.2.2 Epidemiology
17.2.3 Clinical Features
17.2.4 Management
17.3 Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
17.3.1 Definitions and Etiology
17.3.2 Epidemiology
17.3.3 Clinical Features
17.3.4 Management
17.4 Keratinocyte Cancers
17.4.1 Definition and Etiology
17.4.2 Epidemiology
17.4.3 Clinical Features
17.4.4 Management
17.5 Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas
17.5.1 Definition and Etiology
17.5.2 Epidemiology
17.5.3 Clinical Features
17.5.4 Management
17.6 Conclusion
References
18: Sexually Transmitted Infections and Migration
18.1 Definitions and Scope of the Problem
18.2 Mechanisms of Correlation Between Migration and STD
18.2.1 The Pre-departure Effect
18.2.2 The Destination Effect
18.2.3 Pre-departure and Destination Bridging’s Effect
18.3 Examples of Disproportionally Affected Migrants
18.3.1 MSM Migrants
18.3.2 Syrian Refugees
18.4 Global Results of STD Issues in Migration Settings
18.5 Interventions to Reduce Influence of Migration on STD
18.6 Conclusions
References
19: Rare Diseases Including NTDs and Their Management
19.1 Introduction
19.2 How Are Mycobacterial Infections Diagnosed?
19.3 Tuberculosis
19.3.1 Introduction
19.3.2 Clinical Features
19.3.2.1 Exogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Tuberculous Chancre [4]
19.3.2.2 Exogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis
19.3.2.3 Endogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Lupus Vulgaris
19.3.2.4 Endogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Scrofuloderma
19.3.2.5 Endogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Orificial Tuberculosis
19.3.2.6 Endogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Tuberculous Gumma
19.3.2.7 Endogenous Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Acute Miliary Tuberculosis
19.3.2.8 Immunological Reactions to Tuberculosis: Papulonecrotic Tuberculids
19.3.2.9 Immunological Reactions to Tuberculosis: Lichen Scrofulosorum
19.3.2.10 Immunological Reactions to Tuberculosis: Nodular Vasculitis
19.3.2.11 Immunological Reactions to Tuberculosis: Erythema Nodosum
19.3.2.12 Reaction to BCG Vaccine
19.3.3 Diagnosis
19.3.4 Treatment
19.4 Leprosy
19.4.1 Introduction
19.4.2 Clinical Features
19.4.3 Diagnosis
19.4.4 Treatment
19.4.4.1 Multidrug Therapy (MDT)
19.4.4.2 Reactions
19.4.5 Prevention
19.5 Buruli Ulcer
19.5.1 Introduction and Epidemiology
19.5.2 Clinical Features
19.5.3 Diagnosis
19.5.3.1 Laboratory Confirmation
19.5.4 Treatment
19.6 Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria
19.6.1 Introduction
19.6.2 Diagnosis
19.6.3 Clinical Features
19.6.3.1 Slow Growers: Mycobacterium marinum [4, 8]
19.6.3.2 Slow Growers: Mycobacterium avium
19.6.3.3 Slow Growers: Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
19.6.3.4 Slow Growers: Mycobacterium kansasii
19.6.3.5 Slow Growers: Mycobacterium haemophilum
19.6.3.6 Slow Growers: Mycobacterium fortuitum
19.6.3.7 Rapid-Growing Mycobacteria: Mycobacterium chelonae and M. abscessus
19.6.3.8 Rapid-Growing Mycobacteria: Mycobacterium szulgai
19.6.4 Treatment
References
20: Abuse, Self-Harm, Torture Signs, and PTSD
20.1 Introduction
20.2 San Gallicano Dermatologic Experience (2002–2007)
20.3 Taking Care
20.4 Torture in History and Nowadays
20.5 Security and Freedom
20.6 Laws of Torture in Italy: Between Hypocrisies and Lack of Interest
20.7 Toward a Law on the Right to Asylum in Italy
20.8 Some Critical Situations
20.8.1 Afghanistan
20.8.2 Libya
20.8.3 Greece Experience
20.8.4 USA
20.8.5 Argentina
20.9 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
20.10 Self-Harm
20.11 How to Approach the People Alleged Victim of Torture
References
21: Female Genital Mutilation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Female Genital Mutilation
21.3 Terminology
21.4 Historical Data
21.5 Definition and Classification
21.6 Epidemiology
21.7 Geographical Distribution
21.8 Description of the Different Types of Female Genital Mutilation
21.8.1 Type I
21.8.2 Type II
21.8.3 Type III
21.8.4 Type IV
21.9 The Age of Female Genital Mutilation
21.10 Religious and Health Beliefs
21.11 Consequences and Complications
21.11.1 Physical Consequences
21.11.2 Psychosexual, Mental, and Social Consequences
21.12 Female Genital Mutilation in Immigrant Communities in Western Countries
21.13 Leaving a Dangerous Practice Without Betraying a Culture
21.14 What Can the International Dermatological Community Do?
References
22: Right and Agencies (Health)
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Definitions
22.3 Categories
22.3.1 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
22.3.2 Refugees (Rs)
22.3.3 Asylum Seekers (AS)
22.3.4 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
22.3.5 Migrant Workers (MW)
22.3.6 Temporary Contract Workers (TCW)
22.3.7 Smuggled Migrants (SM)
22.3.8 Victims of Trafficking (VT)
22.3.9 Permanent Immigrants (PM)
22.4 Agenda 2030
22.5 Human Rights Perspective
References
23: Access to Care and Facilities for Care
23.1 Introduction
23.2 How to Access
23.3 Migrant, Refugees, and Health Facilities
23.4 How to Meet the Needs of Migrants and Refugees with NCD
References
24: Understanding and Working with Traditional Beliefs, Cultures, and Practices (Cupping, Coining, and Other Ethno-Dermatoses)
24.1 Cupping
24.1.1 Practice and Diffusion
24.1.2 Technique
24.1.3 Clinical Features
24.1.4 Use and Mechanism of Action
24.1.5 Complications
24.2 Coining
24.3 Moxibustion
24.4 Traditional Cosmetic Practices
24.5 Anthropological Ritual
24.6 PsychoculturalBehaviors
24.6.1 Dhat Syndrome
References
25: What Diseases Occur Where
25.1 Introduction
25.2 How to Start
25.3 Communicable Diseases
25.3.1 Tuberculosis
25.3.2 HIV
25.3.3 Influenza and Other Respiratory Infections
25.3.4 Vector-Borne Diseases
25.4 Antimicrobial Resistance
25.5 Prevention of Communicable Diseases
25.6 Vaccination
25.7 Non-Communicable Diseases
25.8 What Disease Associated with Weather Conditions
References
26: Essential Medicines for Immediate Care in Refugee Camps
26.1 Medicine as a Cause of Skin Symptoms
26.2 Specific Issues in Dermatological Pharmacotherapy in Migrants
26.2.1 Migrants Are on the Move, and Their Movement May Be Sometimes Difficult to Predict
26.2.2 Migrants Have Often Moved into an Environment that Differs from Their Home Environment (Both in Cultural and in Environmental Context)
26.2.3 Migrants Often Have Had a Long and Difficult Journey and Often Have Encountered Hostilities and Abuse Before and During Their Journey
26.2.4 There May Well Be Infrastructural Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment
26.3 A Formulary for Dermatological Pharmacotherapy in Migrants
26.3.1 Systemic Medicines for Specific Diseases
26.3.2 Systemic Anti-Infective Medicines
26.3.3 Systemic Corticosteroids
26.3.4 Other Systemic Medicines in Dermatology
26.3.5 Topical Dermatological Medicines
26.4 Some Notes on Prescribing and Dispensing
26.4.1 Mixing and Dilution of Topical Preparations
26.4.2 Amounts to Be Prescribed and Dispensed
26.4.3 Information and Labeling
26.5 Selection Criteria for Medicines
26.5.1 Need
26.5.2 Benefit/Risk Ratio
26.5.3 Benefit/Cost Ratio
26.5.4 Vehicle
26.5.5 Stability
26.5.6 Packaging
References
27: How to Recognize Skin Signs of Potentially Life-Threatening or Disabling Diseases (Malnutrition-Driven Skin Disorders)
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Kwashiorkor
27.2.1 Synonyms
27.2.2 Definition
27.2.3 Distribution
27.2.4 Clinical Features
27.2.5 Diagnosis
27.2.6 Therapy
27.3 Vitamin A Deficiency (Hypovitaminosis A)
27.3.1 Synonyms
27.3.2 Definition
27.3.3 Distribution
27.3.4 Diagnosis
27.3.5 Clinical Features
27.3.6 Therapy
27.4 Pellagra
27.4.1 Synonyms
27.4.2 Definition
27.4.3 Distribution
27.4.4 Clinical Features
27.4.5 Diagnosis
27.4.6 Therapy
References