Shadow libraries: access to educational materials in global higher education

✍ Scribed by Karaganis, Joe(Editor)

• Publisher: The MIT Press ; Ottawa : International Development Research Centre
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 321
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

How students get the materials they need as opportunities for higher education expand but funding shrinks.From the top down,Shadow Librariesexplores the institutions that shape the provision of educational materials, from the formal sector of universities and publishers to the broadly informal ones organized by faculty, copy shops, student unions, and students themselves. It looks at the history of policy battles over access to education in the post-World War II era and at the narrower versions that have played out in relation to research and textbooks, from library policies to book subsidies to, more recently, the several "open" publication models that have emerged in the higher education sector.

From the bottom up,Shadow Librariesexplores how, simply, students get the materials they need. It maps the ubiquitous practice of photocopying and what are--in many cases--the more marginal ones of buying books, visiting libraries, and downloading from unauthorized sources. It looks at the informal networks that emerge in many contexts to share materials, from face-to-face student networks to Facebook groups, and at the processes that lead to the consolidation of some of those efforts into more organized archives that circulate offline and sometimes online-- the shadow libraries of the title. If Alexandra Elbakyan's Sci-Hub is the largest of these efforts to date, the more characteristic part of her story is the prologue: the personal struggle to participate in global scientific and educational communities, and the recourse to a wide array of ad hoc strategies and networks when formal, authorized means are lacking. If Elbakyan's story has struck a chord, it is in part because it brings this contradiction in the academic project into sharp relief--universalist in principle and unequal in practice.Shadow Librariesis a study of that tension in the digital era.

Contributors
Bal�zs Bod�, Laura Czerniewicz, Miroslaw Filiciak, Mariana Fossatti, Jorge Gemetto, Eve Gray, Evelin Heidel, Joe Karaganis, Lawrence Liang, Pedro Mizukami, Jhessica Reia, Alek Tarkowski

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 7
1 Introduction: Access from Above, Access from Below......Page 9
Piracy......Page 11
The Common Thread......Page 13
The Higher Education Boom and State Retreat......Page 15
Access from Below......Page 16
Conflict......Page 17
Universities......Page 18
Change......Page 20
Policy......Page 21
The Country Studies......Page 23
Notes......Page 27
References......Page 29
(Pirate) Libraries on the Internet......Page 33
Library Genesis......Page 35
The Communist Ideal of the Reading Nation......Page 37
Censorship......Page 39
The Soviet and Post-Soviet Literary and Scientific Underground......Page 40
The Emergence of Do-It-Yourself Digital Libraries in RuNet......Page 42
Maxim Moshkov and lib.ru......Page 43
Toward a Million-Book Scientific Library......Page 45
Copyright and “Copynorms” in Russian Pirate Librarianship......Page 47
The Co-development of Copynorms and Copyright Laws in the Post-Soviet Era......Page 49
Formalization of the IP Regime in the 2000s......Page 52
Closure of the Legal Regime......Page 54
Notes......Page 56
References......Page 57
The Supply of Documents in Library Genesis......Page 61
Preexisting Collections......Page 62
Linguistic and Thematic Expansion of Library Genesis......Page 63
Publishers......Page 66
The Legal Supply of Works in Library Genesis......Page 69
The Demand Side......Page 72
Demand by Country......Page 74
Country-Level Knowledge Diets......Page 78
Conclusion......Page 80
Notes......Page 81
References......Page 84
4 Argentina: A Student-Made Ecosystem in an Era of State Retreat......Page 87
Eudeba: The University Press as Democratizer of Knowledge......Page 88
From Public to Private: El Centro Editor de América Latina......Page 91
How Students Survived Changes in the Ecosystem......Page 93
The Losing Battle against Copying......Page 97
Toward Online Digital Libraries......Page 100
BiblioFyL......Page 102
Notice and Takedown......Page 105
Reintermediation......Page 106
Notes......Page 108
References......Page 112
Eve Gray and Laura Czerniewicz......Page 115
Higher Education under Apartheid......Page 116
Student Resistance and the Publishing Underground......Page 118
The Anti-apartheid Academic Boycott and the Rise of a Copying Culture......Page 120
Post-apartheid Higher Education Policy......Page 121
The Right of Access to a Locally Relevant Education: Aspirations and Realities......Page 122
National Education Policy—A Divided Agenda......Page 123
Completion Rates......Page 125
The Academic Publishing Sector in a Period of Change......Page 126
The Demise of the Radical Publishers......Page 128
Supply Chain Problems......Page 129
Cross-national Pricing: Territorial Markets and Parallel Importation Prohibition......Page 130
The Impact of Kirtsaeng v. Wiley......Page 131
South-South Trade in Textbooks: South Africa and India......Page 132
Price and Affordability of International Textbooks......Page 133
Growth in Local South African Textbook Publishing......Page 134
Scholarly Publishing and University Presses......Page 135
Copyright Meets the Right to Education......Page 137
The Copyright Act......Page 138
Exceptions and Limitations......Page 139
Collective Licensing......Page 141
Student Loans and Stipends......Page 143
Student Practices......Page 144
Buying Books......Page 145
Student Sharing Networks......Page 146
Photocopying......Page 147
Digital Materials......Page 148
The Modular, Flexible Future......Page 150
Open Educational Resources (OER)......Page 151
Toward a Digitally Mediated Ecosystem......Page 152
Conclusion......Page 154
Notes......Page 156
References......Page 162
Miroslaw Filiciak and Alek Tarkowski......Page 167
The Higher Education System in Poland after 1989......Page 168
Language and Publishing......Page 169
Libraries and Databases......Page 171
Open Access and Educational Exceptions to Copyright Law......Page 173
Student Practices......Page 174
Field Differences between Law and Communications......Page 181
Libraries and Databases......Page 182
Content Sharing by Course Instructors and Students......Page 184
Conclusion......Page 185
Notes......Page 186
References......Page 189
7 India: The Knowledge Thief......Page 191
Access to Databases in University Libraries......Page 193
The Universal Library......Page 195
From Alexandria to Shadow Libraries......Page 196
Ekalavya......Page 198
The Social and Political Life of Books......Page 199
The Unfulfilled Public Library......Page 201
Publishing Politics......Page 204
Books for Wheat......Page 205
Higher Education Publishing......Page 207
Book Piracy......Page 209
How Students Get What They Need......Page 210
Digital Access......Page 213
Enforcement and the Delhi University Photocopy Case......Page 216
The Decision......Page 218
Toward a Better Legal Framework for Access to Educational Materials......Page 220
The Right to Education......Page 221
The Library Exception......Page 222
Open Access......Page 223
Notes......Page 224
References......Page 228
8 Brazil: The Copy Shop and the Cloud......Page 231
Universities, Publishers, and the Battle over Copying......Page 232
The Internet as Source......Page 242
Student Practices......Page 252
Conclusion: Taking Access for Granted......Page 263
Notes......Page 267
References......Page 277
9 Coda: Uruguay......Page 281
References......Page 285
Contributors......Page 287
Index......Page 291