Separation Process Engineering, Second Edition

✍ Scribed by Safari, an O'Reilly Media Company.; Wankat, Phillip

• Publisher: Prentice Hall
• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 769
• Edition: 2nd edition
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The Comprehensive Introduction to Standard and Advanced Separation for Every Chemical EngineerSeparation Process Engineering, Second Editionhelps readers thoroughly master both standard equilibrium staged separations and the latest new processes. The author explains key separation process with exceptional clarity, realistic examples, and end-of-chapter simulation exercises using Aspen Plus.The book starts by reviewing core concepts, such as equilibrium and unit operations; then introduces a step-by-step process for solving separation problems. Next, it introduces each leading processes, including advanced processes such as membrane separation, adsorption, and chromatography. For each process, the author presents essential principles, techniques, and equations, as well as detailed examples.Separation Process Engineeringis the new, thoroughly updated edition of the author's previous book,Equilibrium Staged Separations. Enhancements include improved organization, extensive new coverage, and more than 75% new homework problems, all tested in the author's Purdue University classes.Coverage includesDetailed problems with real data, organized in a common format for easier understanding Modular simulation exercises that support courses taught with simulators without creating confusion in courses that do not use them Extensive new coverage of membrane separations, including gas permeation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, and key applications A detailed introduction to adsorption, chromatography and ion exchange: everything students need to understand advanced work in these areas Discussions of standard equilibrium stage processes, including flash distillation, continuous column distillation, batch distillation, absorption, stripping, and extraction

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 18
About the Author......Page 20
Nomenclature......Page 22
1.1. Importance of Separations......Page 32
1.2. Concept of Equilibrium......Page 33
1.3. Mass Transfer......Page 35
1.4. Problem-Solving Methods......Page 36
1.5. Prerequisite Material......Page 38
1.6. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering......Page 39
References......Page 40
Homework......Page 41
2.1. Basic Method of Flash Distillation......Page 43
2.2. Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data......Page 45
2.3. Graphical Representation of Binary VLE......Page 47
2.4.1. Sequential Solution Procedure......Page 52
Example 2-1. Flash separator for ethanol and water......Page 55
2.4.2. Simultaneous Solution Procedure......Page 58
2.5. Multicomponent VLE......Page 60
2.6. Multicomponent Flash Distillation......Page 65
Example 2-2. Multicomponent flash distillation......Page 68
2.7. Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence......Page 71
Example 2-3. Simultaneous convergence for flash distillation......Page 74
2.8. Size Calculation......Page 76
Example 2-4. Calculation of drum size......Page 78
2.9. Utilizing Existing Flash Drums......Page 80
2.10. Summary—Objectives......Page 81
References......Page 82
Homework......Page 83
Appendix: Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation......Page 90
3.1. Developing a Distillation Cascade......Page 96
3.2. Distillation Equipment......Page 103
3.3. Specifications......Page 105
3.4. External Column Balances......Page 107
Example 3-1. External balances for binary distillation......Page 110
Homework......Page 112
4.1. Internal Balances......Page 117
4.2. Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods......Page 121
Example 4-1. Stage-by-stage calculations by the Lewis method......Page 125
4.3. Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method......Page 128
4.4. Feed Line......Page 132
Example 4-2. Feed line calculations......Page 137
Example 4-3. McCabe-Thiele method......Page 140
4.6. Profiles for Binary Distillation......Page 143
Example 4-4. McCabe-Thiele analysis of open steam heating......Page 145
4.8. General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure......Page 149
Example 4-5. Distillation with two feeds......Page 151
4.9.1. Partial Condensers......Page 156
4.9.3. Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines......Page 157
4.9.4. Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers......Page 159
4.9.5. Stripping and Enriching Columns......Page 160
4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions......Page 161
4.11. Efficiencies......Page 164
4.12. Simulation Problems......Page 166
4.13. New Uses for Old Columns......Page 167
4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup......Page 169
4.15. Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods......Page 171
4.16. Summary—Objectives......Page 173
References......Page 174
Homework......Page 175
Appendix: Computer Simulations for Binary Distillation......Page 188
5.1. Calculational Difficulties......Page 192
Example 5-1. External mass balances using fractional recoveries......Page 195
5.2. Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation......Page 198
Homework......Page 203
6.1. Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation......Page 207
6.2. Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form......Page 209
6.4. Bubble-Point Calculations......Page 212
Example 6-1. Bubble-point temperature......Page 214
6.5. θ-Method of Convergence......Page 215
Example 6-2. Matrix calculation and θ-convergence......Page 217
6.6. Energy Balances in Matrix Form......Page 222
6.7. Summary—Objectives......Page 225
Homework......Page 226
Appendix: Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation......Page 231
7.1. Total Reflux: Fenske Equation......Page 236
Example 7-1. Fenske equation......Page 240
7.2. Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations......Page 241
Example 7-2. Underwood equations......Page 245
7.3. Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratio......Page 246
Example 7-3. Gilliland correlation......Page 248
References......Page 250
Homework......Page 251
8.1. Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators......Page 256
8.2.1. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes......Page 258
8.2.2. Drying Organic Compounds That Are Partially Miscible with Water......Page 261
Example 8-1. Drying benzene by distillation......Page 263
8.3. Steam Distillation......Page 265
Example 8-2. Steam distillation......Page 266
8.4. Two-Pressure Distillation Processes......Page 269
8.5.1. Distillation Curves......Page 271
8.5.2. Residue Curves......Page 274
8.6. Extractive Distillation......Page 277
8.7. Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent......Page 282
8.8. Distillation with Chemical Reaction......Page 285
8.9. Summary—Objectives......Page 289
References......Page 290
Homework......Page 291
Appendix: Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems......Page 301
Chapter 9 Batch Distillation......Page 307
9.1. Binary Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation......Page 309
9.2. Simple Binary Batch Distillation......Page 310
Example 9-1. Simple Rayleigh distillation......Page 312
9.3. Constant-Level Batch Distillation......Page 314
9.4. Batch Steam Distillation......Page 315
9.5. Multistage Batch Distillation......Page 316
Example 9-2. Multistage batch distillation......Page 317
9.5.2. Variable Reflux Ratio......Page 321
9.6. Operating Time......Page 322
References......Page 323
Homework......Page 324
10.1. Staged Column Equipment Description......Page 332
10.1.1. Trays, Downcomers, and Weirs......Page 335
10.1.2. Inlets and Outlets......Page 337
10.2. Tray Efficiencies......Page 340
Example 10-1. Overall efficiency estimation......Page 343
10.3. Column Diameter Calculations......Page 345
Example 10-2. Diameter calculation for tray column......Page 349
10.4. Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics......Page 351
Example 10-3. Tray layout and hydraulics......Page 355
10.5. Valve Tray Design......Page 358
10.7. Packed Column Internals......Page 360
10.8. Height of Packing: HETP Method......Page 362
10.9. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation......Page 364
Example 10-4. Packed column diameter calculation......Page 369
10.10. Economic Trade-Offs......Page 372
References......Page 376
Homework......Page 379
11.1. Distillation Costs......Page 385
11.2. Operating Effects on Costs......Page 390
Example 11-1. Cost estimate for distillation......Page 395
11.4. Energy Conservation in Distillation......Page 397
11.5. Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation......Page 401
Example 11-2. Sequencing columns with heuristics......Page 405
11.6. Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems......Page 407
Example 11-3. Process development for separation of complex ternary mixture......Page 409
References......Page 411
Homework......Page 413
Chapter 12 Absorption and Stripping......Page 416
12.1. Absorption and Stripping Equilibria......Page 418
12.2. Operating Lines for Absorption......Page 420
Example 12-1. Graphical absorption analysis......Page 423
12.3. Stripping Analysis......Page 425
12.4. Column Diameter......Page 427
12.5. Analytical Solution: Kremser Equation......Page 428
Example 12-2. Stripping analysis with Kremser equation......Page 433
12.6. Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers......Page 434
12.7. Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers......Page 437
12.8. Irreversible Absorption......Page 441
12.9. Summary—Objectives......Page 442
References......Page 443
Homework......Page 444
Appendix: Computer Simulations for Absorption and Stripping......Page 452
13.1. Extraction Processes and Equipment......Page 455
13.2.1. McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Systems......Page 459
Example 13-1. Dilute countercurrent immiscible extraction......Page 463
13.2.2. Kremser Method for Dilute Systems......Page 465
13.3. Dilute Fractional Extraction......Page 466
13.4. Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction......Page 470
Example 13-2. Single-stage and cross-flow extraction of a protein......Page 471
13.5. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction......Page 474
13.6. Batch Extraction......Page 475
13.7. Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures......Page 476
13.8. Washing......Page 479
Example 13-3. Washing......Page 482
13.9. Leaching......Page 483
13.10. Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 485
References......Page 488
Homework......Page 490
14.1. Extraction Equilibria......Page 499
14.2. Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule......Page 502
Example 14-1. Single-stage extraction......Page 505
14.4.1. External Mass Balances......Page 508
14.4.2. Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations......Page 510
Example 14-2. Countercurrent extraction......Page 514
14.5. Relationship between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams......Page 516
14.6. Minimum Solvent Rate......Page 517
14.7. Extraction Computer Simulations......Page 519
14.8. Leaching with Variable Flow Rates......Page 520
Example 14-3. Leaching calculations......Page 521
References......Page 523
Homework......Page 524
Appendix: Computer Simulation of Extraction......Page 530
15.1. Basics of Mass Transfer......Page 532
15.2. HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns......Page 535
Example 15-1. Distillation in a packed column......Page 539
15.3. Relationship of HETP and HTU......Page 542
15.4.1. Detailed Correlations for Random Packings......Page 544
Example 15-2. Estimation of H[sub(G)] and H[sub(L)]......Page 546
15.4.2. Simple Correlations......Page 551
15.5. HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers......Page 552
Example 15-3. Absorption of SO[sub(2)]......Page 556
15.6. HTU-NTU Analysis of Co-current Absorbers......Page 557
15.7. Mass Transfer on a Tray......Page 559
Example 15-4. Estimation of stage efficiency......Page 561
References......Page 562
Homework......Page 563
Chapter 16 Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes......Page 566
16.1. Membrane Separation Equipment......Page 568
16.2. Membrane Concepts......Page 572
16.3.1. Gas Permeation of Binary Mixtures......Page 575
16.3.2. Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems......Page 578
Example 16-1. Well-mixed gas permeation—sequential, analytical solution......Page 580
Example 16-2. Well-mixed gas permeation—simultaneous analytical and graphical solutions......Page 581
16.3.3. Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems......Page 586
Example 16-3. Multicomponent, perfectly mixed gas permeation......Page 587
16.4.1. Analysis of Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis......Page 589
Example 16-4. RO without concentration polarization......Page 593
Example 16-5. Determination of RO membrane properties......Page 595
16.4.3. Determination of Concentration Polarization......Page 597
Example 16-6. RO with concentration polarization......Page 598
Example 16-7. Prediction of RO performance with concentration polarization......Page 600
16.5. Ultrafiltration......Page 604
Example 16-8. UF with gel formation......Page 608
16.6. Pervaporation......Page 610
Example 16-9. Pervaporation: feasibility calculation......Page 617
16.7. Bulk Flow Pattern Effects......Page 619
Example 16-11. Flow pattern effects in gas permeation......Page 620
16.7.1. Binary Cross-Flow Permeation......Page 621
16.7.2. Binary Co-current Permeation......Page 623
16.7.3. Binary Countercurrent Flow......Page 625
16.8. Summary—Objectives......Page 626
References......Page 627
Homework......Page 628
16.A.1. Cross-Flow......Page 634
16.A.2. Co-current Flow......Page 635
16.A.3. Countercurrent Flow......Page 637
Chapter 17 Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange......Page 640
17.1.1. Definitions......Page 641
17.1.2. Sorbent Types......Page 643
17.1.3. Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior......Page 646
Example 17-1. Adsorption equilibrium......Page 651
17.2. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography......Page 652
17.2.1. Movement of Solute in a Column......Page 654
17.2.2. Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms......Page 656
17.2.3. Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles Elution Chromatography......Page 657
Example 17-2. Linear solute movement analysis of elution chromatography......Page 659
17.3.1. Temperature Swing Adsorption......Page 662
Example 17-3. Thermal regeneration with linear isotherm......Page 666
17.3.2. Pressure Swing Adsorption......Page 672
Example 17-4. PSA system......Page 675
17.3.3. Simulated Moving Beds......Page 680
Example 17-5. SMB system......Page 683
17.4. Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis......Page 685
17.4.1. Diffuse Waves......Page 686
Example 17-6. Diffuse wave......Page 687
17.4.2. Shock Waves......Page 689
Example 17-7. Self-sharpening shock wave......Page 690
17.5. Ion Exchange......Page 694
17.5.1. Ion Exchange Equilibrium......Page 697
17.5.2. Movement of Ions......Page 698
Example 17-8. Ion movement for divalent-monovalent exchange......Page 699
17.6.1. Mass Transfer and Diffusion......Page 703
17.6.2. Column Mass Balances......Page 705
17.6.3. Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer......Page 706
17.6.5. Derivation of Solute Movement Theory......Page 708
17.7. Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems......Page 709
17.7.1. Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion......Page 710
17.7.2. Superposition in Linear Systems......Page 711
Example 17-9. Lapidus and Amundson solution for elution......Page 712
17.7.3. Linear Chromatography......Page 714
Example 17-10. Determination of linear isotherm parameters, N, and resolution for linear chromatography......Page 717
17.8. LUB Approach for Nonlinear Systems......Page 718
Example 17-11. LUB approach......Page 721
17.9. Checklist for Practical Design and Operation......Page 723
References......Page 724
Homework......Page 727
Appendix: Introduction to the Aspen Chromatography Simulator......Page 739
Appendix A. Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations......Page 744
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 746
B......Page 752
C......Page 753
D......Page 756
E......Page 757
F......Page 758
H......Page 759
L......Page 760
M......Page 761
P......Page 763
S......Page 765
T......Page 767
U......Page 768
Z......Page 769

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