<p><i>Sensors for Ranging and Imaging</i> is a comprehensive textbook and professional reference that provides a solid background in active sensing technology. This new edition has been comprehensively updated and expanded to include the latest radar technologies.</p> <p>Beginning with an introducto
Sensors for Ranging and Imaging (Electromagnetic Waves)
β Scribed by Graham Brooker
- Publisher
- Scitech Publishing
- Year
- 2022
- Tongue
- English
- Leaves
- 880
- Edition
- 2
- Category
- Library
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
β¦ Synopsis
Sensors for Ranging and Imaging is a comprehensive textbook and professional reference that provides a solid background in active sensing technology. This new edition has been comprehensively updated and expanded to include the latest radar technologies.
Beginning with an introductory section on signal generation, filtering and modulation, the book follows with chapters on radiometry (infrared and microwave) as a background to the active sensing process. The core of the book is concerned with active sensing, starting with active ranging and active imaging sensors (operational principles, components), and goes through the derivation of the radar (and lidar) range equations, and the detection of echo signals, both fundamental to the understanding of radar, sonar and lidar imaging. Further chapters cover signal propagation of both electromagnetic and acoustic energy, and target and clutter characteristics. The remainder of the book involves the basics of the range measurement process, active imaging with an emphasis on noise and linear frequency modulation techniques, Doppler processing, and target tracking.
This systematic and thorough guide to ranging and imaging sensors is invaluable for graduate students studying sensing systems and industry professionals wishing to expand or update their knowledge. It offers clear, detailed explanations alongside worked examples to provide readers with an in-depth understanding of the material.
β¦ Table of Contents
Contents
About the author
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction to sensing
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A brief history of sensing
1.3 Passive infrared sensing
1.4 Sensor systems
1.5 Frequency band allocations for the electromagnetic spectrum
1.6 Frequency band allocations for the acoustic spectrum
References
2. Signal processing and modulation
2.1 The nature of electronic signals
2.2 Noise
2.3 Generating analogue signals
2.4 Signals and noise in the frequency domain
2.5 Analogue signal processing
2.6 Analogue filters
2.7 Digital signal processing
2.8 Analogue modulation and demodulation
2.9 Frequency modulation
2.10 Linear frequency modulation
2.11 Pulse-coded modulation techniques
2.12 Convolution
References
3. IR radiometers and image intensifiers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermal emission
3.3 Emissivity and reflectivity
3.4 Detecting thermal radiation
3.5 Performance criteria for detectors
3.6 Noise processes and effects
3.7 Applications
3.8 Introduction to thermal imaging systems
3.9 Performance measures for infrared imagers
3.10 Target detection and recognition
3.11 Thermal imaging applications
3.12 Image intensifiers
References
4. Millimetre-wave radiometers
4.1 Antenna power temperature correspondence
4.2 Brightness temperature
4.3 Apparent temperature
4.4 Atmospheric effects
4.5 Terrain brightness
4.6 Worked example: space-based radiometer
4.7 Antenna considerations
4.8 Receiver considerations
4.9 The system noise temperature
4.10 Radiometer temperature sensitivity
4.11 Radiometer implementation
4.12 Intermediate frequency and video gain requirements
4.13 Worked example: anti-tank sub-munition sensor design
4.14 Radiometric imaging
4.15 Applications
References
5. Active ranging sensors
5.1 Overview
5.2 Triangulation
5.3 Pulsed time-of-flight operation
5.4 Using pulsed time of flight
5.5 Other methods of measuring range
5.6 The radar range equation
5.7 The acoustic range equation
5.8 TOF measurement considerations
5.9 Range measurement radar for a cruise missile
References
6. Active imaging sensors
6.1 Imaging techniques
6.2 Range-gate limited 2D image construction
6.3 Beamwidth-limited 3D image construction
6.4 The lidar range equation
6.5 Lidar system performance
6.6 Digital terrain models
6.7 Airborne lidar hydrography
6.8 3D imaging
6.9 Acoustic imaging
6.10 Worked example: lidar locust tracker
References
7. Signal propagation
7.1 The sensing environment
7.2 Attenuation of electromagnetic waves
7.3 Refraction of electromagnetic waves
7.4 Acoustics and vibration
7.5 Attenuation of sound in water
7.6 Reflection and refraction of sound
7.7 Multipath effects
References
8. Target and clutter characteristics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Definition of target cross-section
8.3 Radar cross-sections of man made objects
8.4 Effect of target material on RCS
8.5 RCS of living creatures
8.6 Fluctuations in radar cross-section
8.7 Radar stealth
8.8 Target cross-section in the infrared
8.9 Acoustic target cross-section
8.10 Clutter cross-section
8.11 Surface clutter backscatter
8.12 Calculating volume backscatter
8.13 Underwater Clutter
8.14 Worked example: orepass radar development
References
9. Detection of signals in noise
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Radar noise
9.3 Infrared detection and lidar noise
9.4 Sonar noise
9.5 Effects of signal-to-noise ratio
9.6 The matched filter
9.7 Coherent detection
9.8 Integration of pulse trains
9.9 Detection of fluctuating signals
9.10 Detecting targets in clutter
9.11 Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processors
9.12 Target detection analysis
9.13 Noise jamming
References
10. Doppler measurement
10.1 The Doppler shift
10.2 Doppler geometry
10.3 Doppler shift extraction
10.4 Pulsed Doppler
10.5 Doppler sensors
10.6 Doppler target generators
10.7 Case study: estimating the speed of radio-controlled aircraft
References
11. High-range-resolution techniques
11.1 Classical modulation techniques
11.2 Amplitude modulation
11.3 Frequency and phase modulation
11.4 Phase-coded pulse compression
11.5 SAW-based pulse compression
11.6 Step frequency
11.7 Frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar
11.8 Stretch
11.9 Interrupted FMCW
11.10 Side lobes and weighting for linear FM systems
11.11 Transmitter leakage and phase noise in FMCW radars
11.12 High-resolution radar systems
11.13 Worked example: Brimstone antitank missile
References
12. High angular-resolution techniques
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Phased arrays
12.3 The radiation pattern
12.4 Beam steering
12.5 Array characteristics
12.6 Applications
12.7 Side-scan sonar
12.8 Worked example: performance of the ICT-5202 transducer
12.9 Doppler beam-sharpening
12.10 Operational principles of synthetic aperture
12.11 Range and cross-range resolution
12.12 Worked example: synthetic-aperture sonar
12.13 Radar-image-quality issues
12.14 SAR on unmanned aerial vehicles
12.15 Airborne SAR capability
12.16 Space-based SAR
12.17 Magellan Mission to Venus
References
13. Range and angle estimation and tracking
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Range estimation and tracking
13.3 Principles of a split-gate tracker
13.4 Range tracking loop implementation
13.5 Ultrasonic range tracker example
13.6 Tracking noise after filtering
13.7 Tracking lag for an accelerating target
13.8 Worked example: range tracker bandwidth optimisation
13.9 Range tracking systems
13.10 Seduction jamming
13.11 Angle measurement
13.12 Angle tracking principles
13.13 Lobe switching (sequential lobing)
13.14 Conical scan
13.15 Infrared target trackers
13.16 Amplitude comparison monopulse
13.17 Comparison between conscan and monopulse
13.18 Angle tracking loops
13.19 Angle estimation and tracking applications
13.20 Worked example: combined acoustic and infrared tracker
13.21 Angle track jamming
13.22 Triangulation and trilateration
References
14. Tracking moving targets
14.1 Track while scan
14.2 The coherent pulsed tracking radar
14.3 Limitations to MTI performance
14.4 Range-gated pulsed Doppler tracking
14.5 Coordinate frames
14.6 Antenna mounts and servo systems
14.7 On-axis tracking
14.8 Millimetre-wave tracking radar
14.9 Tracking in Cartesian space
14.10 Combining radar and optronic tracking
14.11 Worked example: fire control radar
References
15. RFID tags and transponders
15.1 Principle of operation
15.2 History
15.3 Secondary surveillance radar
15.4 Automatic Dependent SurveillanceβBroadcast
15.5 AIS transponders
15.6 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems
15.7 Other applications
15.8 Social issues of RFID
15.9 Technical challenges
15.10 Harmonic radar
15.11 Passive reflected power modulation
15.12 Battlefield combat ID system
15.13 Indoor localisation
References
16. Tomography and 3D imaging
16.1 Principle of operation
16.2 CT imaging
16.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
16.4 Magnetic resonance images
16.5 Functional MRI investigations of brain function
16.6 Positron emission tomography
16.7 3D ultrasound imaging
16.8 3D extension
16.9 Pocket ultrasound
16.10 Other ultrasound imaging modalities
16.11 Sonar imaging in 3D
16.12 Ground-penetrating radar
16.13 Worked example: detecting a ruby nodule in a rock matrix
References
Index
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