Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Definition of Sensor and Actuator
1.3 The Domain of Physical Phenomena
1.4 Classification of Sensors and Actuators
1.4.1 Regarding the Energy Source
1.4.2 Regarding the Signal Conditioning
1.4.3 Regarding Reference Value
1.4.4 Regarding Complexity
1.5 Datasheets
1.5.1 Transfer Function
1.5.2 Sensitivity
1.5.3 Range
1.5.4 Accuracy
1.5.5 Precision
1.5.6 Hysteresis
1.5.7 Nonlinearity
1.5.8 Noise
1.5.9 Resolution
1.5.10 Bandwidth
1.5.11 Repeatability
1.5.12 Dead Zone
1.5.13 Saturation
1.6 Questions
Chapter 2
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Manufacture
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Use of Silicon
2.2.3 Creation of a silicon dioxide layer by thermal oxidation
2.2.4 Chemical Deposition by Vapor
2.2.5 Photolithography
2.2.6 Bulk Microfabrication
2.2.7 Superficial Microfabrication
2.3 Application Examples
2.4 Questions
Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Force, Electric Field, and Voltage
3.3 Concept of Capacity
3.4 Capacitive Displacement Sensor
3.5 Capacitive Acceleration Sensor
3.6 Angular Velocity Sensor (Gyroscope)
3.7 Capacitive Fingerprint Sensor
3.8 Electrostatic Loudspeaker
3.9 Electrostatic MEMS Actuator
3.10 Questions
Chapter 4
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition of Electric Resistance
4.3 Potentiometric Displacement Sensors
4.4 Dependence of Resistivity with Temperature and Moisture
4.5 Resistive Temperature Detector
4.6 Thermistor
4.7 Integrated Temperature Sensor
4.8 Dependence of Resistivity with Deformation
4.9 Strain Gauge
4.10 Questions
Chapter 5
5.1 Magnetic Properties of Materials
5.2 Concept of Magnetic Field
5.3 Magnetic Force
5.4 Stepper Motor
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Permanent Magnet Motor
5.4.3 Variable Reluctance Motor
5.4.4 Hybrid Motor
5.4.5 Specifications of Stepper Motors
5.5 Hall Effect
5.6 Displacement Sensor using the Hall Effect
5.7 Magnetoresistance
5.8 Magnetostriction
5.9 Magnetostrictive Torque Sensor
5.10 Inductive linear displacement Sensor of variable Air Gap
5.11 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
5.12 Angular Displacement Sensor (Microsyn)
5.13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5.13.1 Introduction
5.13.2 Magnetic Resonance
5.13.3 Excitation and Relaxation
5.13.4 Detection
5.13.5 Image Construction
5.13.6 System
5.14 Questions
Chapter 6
6.1 Piezoelectric effect
6.2 Accelerometer
6.2.1 Configurations
6.2.2 Signal Conditioning
6.3 Piezoelectric Temperature Sensor
6.4 Acoustic Waves
6.5 Ultrasound Transducers
6.6 Measuring Distance Using Ultrasound (Sonography, SONAR, etc...)
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Determining the Distance from the Flight Time
6.6.3 Echography
6.7 Fluid Actuators
6.7.1 Introduction
6.7.2 Most Used Quantities
6.7.3 Hydraulic Circuit
6.7.4 Pneumatic Circuit
6.7.5 Compressors
6.7.6 Hydraulic / Pneumatic Comparison
6.8 Questions
Chapter 7
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thomson Effect
7.3 Peltier Effect
7.4 Seebeck Effect
7.5 Thermocouple
7.6 Peltier Cell
7.7 Joule Effect
7.8 Guckel Thermal Actuator
7.9 Hot Wire Anemometer
7.10 Questions
Chapter 8
8.1 Quantities and Units
8.2 Electroluminescence
8.3 Photovoltaic Effect
8.4 LED
8.5 Lighting Using LEDs
8.6 Liquid Crystal Panel
8.7 OLED Panel
8.8 Photoresistor
8.9 Photodiode
8.9.1 Operating mode
8.9.2 Dark Current
8.9.3 Signal Conditioning with a Transimpedance Amplifier
8.9.4 Numerical Example
8.9.5 Directivity
8.9.6 Noise Equivalent Power
8.9.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Operating Modes
8.10 Pyrometers
8.11 Source of X-Rays
8.12 Measurement of the Blood Oxygen Level with a Pulse Oximeter
8.13 Optical Computer Mouse
8.14 Wii Game Console
8.15 X-Ray Computed Tomography
8.16 Multi-touch screen
8.17 Global Positioning System (GPS)
8.17.1 Introduction
8.17.2 Satellites
8.17.3 Trilateration
8.17.4 Measure the Propagation Time of Signals
8.17.5 Carrier-Based Synchronization
8.17.6 Determination of the Propagation Velocity
8.17.7 Satellites Position
8.17.8 Theory of Relativity
8.17.9 Differential System
8.17.10 Wide Area Augmentation System
8.17.11 Specifications
8.18 Questions
Chapter 9
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reduction and Oxidation Reactions
9.3 Galvanic Cell
9.4 Potentiometric Sensor
9.5 Lambda Probe
9.6 Amperometric Sensor
9.7 ChemFET
9.8 Biosensors
9.9 Questions
Chapter 10
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications
10.2.1 Environmental Monitoring
10.2.2 Healthcare
10.2.3 Logistics
10.2.4 Transportation
10.3 Network Organization
10.4 Energy
10.5 Communication
10.6 Questions
Chapter 11
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Displacement
11.3 Temperature
11.4 Force
11.5 Signal Conditioning
11.5.1 Demodulation
11.5.2 Amplification
11.5.3 Linearization
11.6 Questions
Chapter 12
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ultrasound
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 Connecting the Ultrasound Module to a Microcontroller
12.2.3 Programming the Microcontroller
12.2.4 Characterizing the Performance of the Ultrasound Module
12.2.5 Upsetting the Normal Operation of the Distance Measurement System
12.2.6 Material
12.3 Temperature
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 Circuit Assembly
12.3.3 Communication with the Sensor
12.3.4 Activate the Peltier Module
12.3.5 Final Remarks
12.3.6 Material
12.4 Stepper Motor
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Type of Motor
12.4.3 Connector Identification
12.4.4 Engine Control System
12.4.5 Control Application Development
12.4.6 Number of Motor Steps
12.4.7 Material
12.5 LED and Photodiode
12.5.1 Introduction
12.5.2 Energizing the LED
12.5.3 Photodiode Signal Conditioning
12.5.4 Experimental Setup
12.5.5 Maximum Operating Distance
12.5.6 Photodiode Directivity
12.5.7 Material
12.6 Hall Effect and DC Motor
12.6.1 Introduction
12.6.2 Driving the DC Motor
12.6.3 Measuring rotation speed with the Hall Effect sensor
12.6.4 Angular Velocity versus Voltage Transfer Function
12.6.5 Material
12.7 Accelerometer and Servo Motor
12.7.1 Introduction
12.7.2 Connecting the accelerometer
12.7.3 Connecting the servo motor
12.7.4 Software Application
12.7.5 Maximum acceleration measurement
12.7.6 Material
References
Index