Self-Cleaning Materials and Surfaces: a Nanotechnology Approach

✍ Scribed by Daoud, Walid(Editor);Tung, Wing Sze

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
• Year: 2013
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 370
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

With increasing demand for hygienic, self-disinfecting and contamination free surfaces, interest in developing self-cleaning protective materials and surfaces has grown rapidly in recent times. This new title comprises of invited chapters from renowned researchers in the area of self-cleaning nano-coatings and the result is a comprehensive review of current research on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic (photocatalytic effect) self-cleaning materials.

✦ Table of Contents

Self-Cleaning Materials and Surfaces: A Nanotechnology Approach......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
PART I CONCEPTS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES......Page 19
1.1.1 Introducing Superhydrophobicity......Page 21
1.1.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis......Page 22
1.1.4 The Effect of Roughness on Contact Angles......Page 24
1.1.5 Where the Equations Come From......Page 26
1.1.6 Which State Does a Drop Move Into?......Page 29
1.2.1 Mechanisms of Self-Cleaning on Superhydrophobic Surfaces......Page 30
1.2.2 Other Factors......Page 33
1.2.3 Nature's Answers......Page 35
1.2.4 Superhydrophilic Self-Cleaning Surfaces......Page 37
1.2.5 Functional Properties of Superhydrophobic Surfaces......Page 38
1.3 Materials and Fabrication......Page 43
1.4 Future Perspectives......Page 45
References......Page 46
PART II APPLICATIONS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES......Page 51
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides......Page 54
2.2.3 Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 55
2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis......Page 56
2.4 Self-Cleaning Surfaces......Page 57
2.4.2 Some Experimental Evidences......Page 59
2.5 Main Applications......Page 62
2.6.1 Colour......Page 64
2.6.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Nitrogen Oxides......Page 65
2.6.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro-Pollutants in Air......Page 67
2.6.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B......Page 69
2.7 Future Developments......Page 71
References......Page 72
3.1 Introduction......Page 75
3.2.1 Wettability......Page 76
3.2.2 Photoinduced Hydrophilicity......Page 77
3.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis......Page 80
3.3.1 Self-Cleaning Glasses with Pores......Page 81
3.3.2 Doping to Realize Visible-Light-Induced Self-Cleaning Glasses......Page 83
3.3.4 The Effect of Temperature and Atmosphere on the Photoinduced Hydrophilicity......Page 85
3.3.5 The Effect of Soda Ions on the Properties of Self-Cleaning Glasses......Page 87
3.3.6 The Anti-Bacterial Effect and Anti-Fogging Effect......Page 88
3.3.7 The Composite SiO2 Films for Self-Cleaning Glasses with High Antireflection......Page 90
3.4.1 Modifying The TiO2 Film by Low-Electronegativity Elements......Page 93
3.4.2 The Application of ZnO Material in a Superhydrophobic Material......Page 95
3.5 Self-Cleaning Glasses Modified by Organic Molecules......Page 97
3.6 The Functionality of Self-Cleaning Glasses......Page 98
References......Page 102
4.1.1 Raw Material Composition and Firing Process......Page 107
4.1.2 Surface Characteristics of Clay Roofing Tiles......Page 109
4.1.3 Frost, Chemical and Biocorrosion Deterioration of Clay Roofing Tiles......Page 114
4.1.4 Simulation of Weathering of Clay Roofing Tiles in Laboratory Conditions......Page 115
4.2 Protective and Self-Cleaning Materials for Clay Roofing Tiles......Page 123
4.2.1 Design of Protective and Self-Cleaning Coatings......Page 125
4.2.2 Monitoring the Characteristics of Coated Clay Roofing Tiles......Page 131
References......Page 141
5.1 Introduction......Page 147
5.2 Photocatalysis......Page 148
5.2.1 Mechanisms......Page 149
5.2.2 Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst......Page 150
5.3.1 Self-Cleaning Cellulosic Fibers......Page 152
5.3.2 Self-Cleaning Keratin Fibers......Page 157
5.3.3 Self-Cleaning Synthetic Fibers......Page 158
5.4.1 Protective Clothing......Page 160
5.4.2 Household Appliances and Interior Furnishing......Page 161
5.5.2 Human Safety Concerns......Page 162
5.5.3 Photocatalytic Efficiency and Stability......Page 163
5.6.3 Process Modification......Page 164
References......Page 165
6.1 Introduction......Page 171
6.2.1 Wet Coating Techniques: History and Advantages......Page 173
6.2.2 TiO2 Photocatalytic Thin Films on PC and PMMA......Page 174
6.2.3 SiO2 Incorporation into TiO2 - SiO2 as an Interfacial Layer for TiO2......Page 180
6.2.4 TiO2 Photocatalytic Thin Films on PET and HDPE......Page 185
6.2.5 TiO2 Photocatalytic Thin Films on PS......Page 189
6.2.6 Modified Hybrid TiO2 Sols on Plastics: ABS, Polystyrene, and PVC......Page 190
6.2.7 TiO2 on Paints and Self-Cleaning Paints......Page 193
6.2.8 MW Irradiation-Assisted Dip Coating for Low-Temperature TiO2 Deposition on Polymers......Page 196
6.2.9 Nanomechanical Properties of Dipped TiO2 Granular Thin Films on Polymer Substrates......Page 197
6.3.1 Short History and Advantages......Page 199
6.3.2 Ag/Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Polyurethane (PU)-TiO2 Nanocomposite Films by Solution Casting Techniques......Page 200
6.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of TiO2-Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) Composites......Page 201
6.3.4 TiO2 Immobilized Biodegradable Polymers......Page 202
6.4.1 DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering of Photocatalytic TiO2 Films on PC......Page 205
6.4.2 Reactive Radio-Frequency [RF] Magnetron Sputtering of Photocatalytic TiO2 Films on PET......Page 207
6.5 TiO2 Thin Films on PET and PMMA by Nanoparticle Deposition Systems (NPDS)......Page 208
6.7.1 Commercialized Products: Ube-Nitto Kasei Co. and the University of Tokyo......Page 210
6.7.2 Patents: University of Wisconsin......Page 211
References......Page 212
PART III ADVANCES IN SELF-CLEANING SURFACES......Page 221
7.1 Introduction......Page 223
7.2 Self-Cleaning Textiles: RF-Plasma Pretreatment to Increase the Binding of TiO2......Page 224
7.3 Self-Cleaning Mechanism for Colorless and Colored Stains on Textiles......Page 226
7.4 Self-Cleaning Textiles: Vacuum-UVC Pretreatment to Increase the Binding of TiO2......Page 227
7.5 XPS to Follow Stain Discoloration on Cotton Modified with TiO2 and Characterization of the TiO2 Coating......Page 230
7.6 Bactericide/Ag/Textiles Prepared by Pretreatment with Vacuum-UVC......Page 232
7.7 DC-Magnetron Sputtering of Textiles with Ag Inactivating Airborne Bacteria......Page 235
7.8 Inactivation of E. coli by CuO in Suspension in the Dark and Under Visible Light......Page 236
7.10 Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering (DC and DCP) of Nanoparticulate Continuous Cu-Coatings on Cotton Textile Inducing Bacterial Inactivation in the Dark and Under Light Irradiation......Page 238
7.11 Future Trends......Page 241
References......Page 242
8.1 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles......Page 247
8.2.1 Hot Wall Reactors......Page 251
8.2.3 Plasma Reactors......Page 252
8.2.4 Flame Reactors......Page 253
8.2.5 Spray Pyrolysis......Page 254
8.3.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles via LFS......Page 255
8.3.2 Multicomponent Nanoparticles......Page 256
8.3.3 Synthesis and Deposition of Nanoparticle Coatings......Page 258
8.4.1 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide......Page 261
8.4.2 Deposition of the Titania Coatings......Page 262
8.4.3 Doping of the Coatings......Page 264
8.4.4 Performance of the Antimicrobial Easy-to-Clean Coatings......Page 265
References......Page 267
9.1 Introduction......Page 271
9.2.1 Planar Surfaces......Page 272
9.2.2 Rough Surfaces......Page 273
9.3 Roughening a Flat Surface......Page 274
9.3.2 Nanostructures Grown by PLD......Page 275
9.4.1 Photoinduced Wettability on PLD Structures......Page 281
9.4.2 Electrowetting on PLD Structures......Page 285
9.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 288
References......Page 289
10.1 Introduction......Page 295
10.2.1 Interference Multiple Layers......Page 296
10.2.2 Inhomogeneous Layer with Gradient Refractive Index......Page 297
10.3.1 Electrostatic Assembly......Page 298
10.3.2 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Assembly......Page 299
10.3.3 Self-Assembly......Page 300
10.4.1 Hydrophilic Surfaces......Page 301
10.4.2 Hydrophobic Surfaces......Page 302
10.5.1 Superhydrophilic Self-Cleaning Surfaces with Antireflective Properties......Page 303
10.5.2 Superhydrophobic Self-Cleaning Surfaces with Antireflective Properties......Page 309
10.6 Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using LB Assembly of Micro-/Nanoparticles......Page 315
10.7.1 Surface Morphology and Roughness......Page 318
10.7.2 Thickness, Porosity, and Refractive Index......Page 319
10.7.3 Transmittance......Page 320
10.7.4 Photocatalytic Properties......Page 321
10.7.5 Contact Angle and Contact Angle Hysteresis......Page 322
10.7.6 Mechanical Stability......Page 323
10.8 Challenges and Future Development......Page 324
References......Page 325
PART IV POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND LIMITATIONS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES......Page 331
11.1.1 Outline......Page 333
11.1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Reduced Need of Cleaning Surfaces......Page 334
11.2 Titania and Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes Can Be Hazardous and May Pose a Risk......Page 337
11.2.2 Risk Caused by Nanoparticles......Page 340
11.3 Environmental Impact of a Reduced Need of Cleaning Product......Page 341
11.3.1 Direct Environmental Effects of a Nanoparticle-Based Reduced Need of Cleaning Product......Page 342
11.3.2 Net Direct Environmental Benefits......Page 346
11.3.3 Indirect Environmental Effects of a Nanoparticle-Based Reduced Need of Cleaning Product......Page 347
11.4.2 Limitation of Risks Following from Exposure to Nanoparticles......Page 348
References......Page 349
Index......Page 365