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An on-line fuel management method for a CANDU reactor has been developed. In the method, the in-core detector readings are used for channel power generation for refuelling channel selection. The in-core detector readings are converted to measured mesh readings, and the Kalman filtering technique is applied to reduce calculation and measurement errors of the mesh readings. Then, the estimated channel powers are fed into the refuelling channel selection process, in which the channels are refuelled so that the difference of zone power from the reference one is minimized. The performance of the method has been demonstrated against the operating data of CANDU 6 reactor. Also, it is found that the core tracking fuel management could be implemented, so that the proposed method would contribute to economic and safe operation of the reactor.
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idealized surface areas of CA can be precisely calculated with the aid of X-ray diffraction. In this way, some experimental problems can be overcome, such as the difficulty to measure specific surface area with Nz adsorption when pore diameters are too small and overestimation when surface areas ar