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Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies: Hydrogen Production and Practical Applications in Energy Generation

✍ Scribed by Paulo Emilio Miranda (editor)


Publisher
Academic Press
Year
2018
Tongue
English
Leaves
440
Edition
1
Category
Library

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✦ Synopsis


Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies explores the generation of energy using hydrogen and hydrogen-rich fuels in fuel cells from the perspective of its integration into renewable energy systems using the most sound and current scientific knowledge.

The book first examines the evolution of energy utilization and the role expected to be played by hydrogen energy technologies in the world’s energy mix, not just for energy generation, but also for carbon capture, storage and utilization. It provides a general overview of the most common and promising types of fuel cells, such as PEMFCs, SOFCs and direct alcohol fuel cells. The co-production of chemical and electrolysis cells, as well as the available and future materials for fuel cells production are discussed. It then delves into the production of hydrogen from biomass, including waste materials, and from excess electricity produced by other renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro and geothermal. The main technological approaches to hydrogen storage are presented, along with several possible hydrogen energy engineering applications.

Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies’s unique approach to hydrogen energy systems makes it useful for energy engineering researchers, professionals and graduate students in this field. Policy makers, energy planning and management professionals, and energy analysts can also benefit from the comprehensive overview that it provides.

  • Presents engineering fundamentals, commercially deployed technologies, up-and-coming developments and applications through a systemic approach
  • Explores the integration of hydrogen technologies in renewable energy systems, including solar, wind, bioenergy and ocean energy
  • Covers engineering standards, guidelines and regulations, as well as policy and social aspects for large-scale deployment of these technologies

✦ Table of Contents


Front Cover
Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies
Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies: Hydrogen Production and PracticalApplications in Energy Generation
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
1 - Hydrogen Energy: Sustainable and Perennial
OVERVIEW
WHAT HYDROGEN ENERGY IS ABOUT
FULL IMPLEMENTATION OF HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Green Hydrogen Production
Natural Hydrogen
HYDROGEN ENERGY APPLICATION
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 - Fuel Cells
INTRODUCTION TO FUEL CELLS
Alkaline Fuel Cell
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Solid Acid Fuel Cell
Microbial Fuel Cells
Enzymatic Fuel Cells
POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Operation Mode
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cell Operation Mode
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell—Technical Targets
Materials—Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Transportation Applications
Materials—Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Transportation Applications
Materials—Bipolar Plates for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Transportation Applications
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell—Today and Tomorrow
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology
Component
Single Cell
Multicell Stack
System
Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Technology
Component
Single Cell
Stack
System and Application
CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
3 - Potential of Hydrogen Production From Biomass
INTRODUCTION
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS
Hydrogen Production Through Thermochemical Process
Hydrogen Production Through Biological Process
BIOMASS AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Agricultural Crops
Lignocellulosic and Agroforestry-Based Biomass
Food Industry Wastes
Dairy Industry Wastewater
Distillery Effluent
Municipal Wastewater
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS USING BIOLOGICAL ROUTE
Dark Fermentation
Microorganism Involved in Dark Fermentation
Facultative Anaerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Coculture and Mixed Culture
Metabolic Pathway Involved in Dark Fermentation
Metabolic Engineering for the Improvement of Hydrogen Production
Effect of Physicochemical Parameters on Hydrogen Production
Temperature
pH
Medium Composition
Partial Pressure
Soluble End Metabolites
Hydraulic Retention Time
Mathematical Modeling of Biohydrogen Production Processes
Monod Growth Model for Cell Growth Kinetics
Modeling of Biohydrogen Production Using Modified Gompertz Equation
Luedeking–Piret Model for Product Formation Kinetics
Photobiological Processes
Photofermentation
Algal Fermentation
Direct Biophotolysis
Indirect Biophotolysis
Microalgae as Substrate for Dark Fermentation
Microbial Electrolysis Cell
SCALE-UP OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESS
MATERIAL AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESS
Material Analysis
Energy Analysis
IMPROVEMENT OF ENERGY RECOVERY BY TWO-STAGE PROCESSES
Improvement of Gaseous Energy Generation by Biohythane Process
Improvement of Gaseous Energy Generation by Integration of Photofermentation
Integration of Dark Fermentation and Bioelectrochemical System
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
4 - Energy Storage Using Hydrogen Produced From Excess Renewable Electricity: Power to Hydrogen
MOTIVATION
RENEWABLE ENERGY, VOLATILITY, AND STORAGE
Grid Stabilization and Short-Term Storage
Energy Security and Long-Term Storage
Hydrogen Applications
Water Electrolysis—A “Game Change” Technology
HYDROGEN GENERATION VIA ELECTROLYSIS
Brief History of Water Electrolysis
Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis
Lessons Learned From the Past
Key Players in 2018 (Research and Industry)
Principles of Water Electrolysis
Thermodynamics
Activation Overpotential
Ohmic Overpotential
Mass Transport Overpotential
The Nernst Equation
Cell Potentials Versus pH—Water Stability Diagram
Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis
Basic Principles of Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Basic Principles of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis
Design and Operation of Cells, Stacks, and Systems
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5 - Hydrogen Energy Engineering Applications and Products
INTRODUCTION
5.1 - Hydrogen Production Technology From Fossil Energy
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Hydrogen Production Reaction
Catalytic Steam Reforming
Partial Oxidation
Autothermal Reforming
Combined Reforming
Industrial Hydrogen Production Process
Desulfurization Step
Reforming Reaction Process
Shift Reaction Process
Purification Step
THERMODYNAMICS
INDUSTRIAL CATALYST DESIGN
DEACTIVATION
Carbon Formation
Poisoning
CONCLUSION
5.2 - Hydrogen Storage and Transport Technologies
5.2.1 - High Pressure H2 Storage and LH2 Storage for Transport Technology
INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH PRESSURE GAS HYDROGEN CONTAINERS
Selection of Liner Material
Selection of Metallic Materials for Parts
Development of Sealing Material
Development of 70MPa Class Hydrogen Container
Development of Temperature Prediction Model for Gas and Container During Filling
STORAGE EFFICIENCY OF LH2
CURRENT LH2 SYSTEM
FUTURE LH2 SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT OF LH2 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
CONCLUSION
5.2.2 - Hydrogen Storage and Transport by Organic Hydrides and Application of Ammonia
INTRODUCTION
ORGANIC CHEMICAL HYDRIDE METHOD
DEHYDROGENATION DEVICE AND HYDROGEN REFINERY
Performance of Dehydrogenation Catalyst
Energy Efficiency of Hydrogen Supply Facility
AMMONIA AS ENERGY CARRIER
AMMONIA DECOMPOSITION
CONCLUSION
5.3 - Utilization of Hydrogen Energy
5.3.1 - Hydrogen Refueling Stations and Fuel Cell Vehicles
INTRODUCTION
FUEL CELL VEHICLE
FUEL CELL VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
High-Pressure Hydrogen Tank
Fuel Cell Stack
Power Control Unit
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES
Clean Exhaust Gas
High Energy Efficiency
Various Hydrogen Sources
Low Noise
No Charge Required
The FCV as an Emergency Power Supplier
HYDROGEN REFUELING STATION
Safety Measures for Hydrogen Refueling Stations
HYDROGEN PURIFICATION
DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF HYDROGEN REFUELING STATIONS IN THE WORLD
United States
Europe
Japan
CONCLUSIONS
5.3.2 - Application of Hydrogen Combustion for Electrical and Motive Power Generation
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT TREND
Review of Closed Cycle
Study on Hydrogen-Oxygen Combustion Turbine System
Simple Rankine Cycle System
Reheat Rankine System
Toward Future Development of Hydrogen Turbine
Technical Tasks for Hydrogen Combustion
Hydrogen Combustor in Gas Turbine
DEVELOPMENT STATUS
Enel (Italy)
GE (United States)
Japan
HYDROGEN AND FOSSIL FUELS
Combustion of Hydrogen and Methane Mixed Fuel
Coal Gas: A Mixed Gas of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide
Combustion of Mixed Fuel of Methane and Ammonia
Mixed Combustion of Pulverized Coal and Ammonia
CONCLUSION
5.3.3 - Application of Hydrogen by Use of Chemical Reactions of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide
SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL REACTION USING HYDROGEN
METHANOL SYNTHESIS FROM HYDROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Methanol Synthesis Reaction Formula From Methane, Water, and Carbon Dioxide
Methanol Synthesis Catalyst and Yield
Pilot Plant and Its Results
Pretreatment
Hydrogen Production
Methanol Synthesis
Separation
METHANE SYNTHESIS FROM HYDROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Significance of Methanation Reaction
Methane Synthesis Reaction
Methanation Catalyst
Safety and Efficiency for Synthesis System
CONCLUSIONS
5.3.4 - Application of Hydrogen Storage Alloys
NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
APPLICATIONS OF METAL HYDRIDE AS A FREEZER SYSTEM [114,116]
Operating Principle of a Metal Hydride Freezer [116]
Hydrogen Storage Alloys for a Metal Hydride Freezer
Energy Consumption and CO2 Reduction
CONCLUSION
CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
6 - Regulatory Framework, Safety Aspects, and Social Acceptance of Hydrogen Energy Technologies
PREAMBLE
STAGE SETTING
Hierarchy of Regulatory Framework—Pyramid of RCS
BEST PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS, CODES, AND STANDARDS
Best Practices
Codes and Standards
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Perspective [3].
National Fire Protection Association Perspective [4].
Requirements for Codes and Standards
Safety Best Practices Attributes
Safety Culture
Safety Planning
Incident Procedures and Communications
KEY RELEVANT GLOBAL STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS
Importance of Global Standardization and Harmonization—Role of ISO and IEC
ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies
Standardization of Fuel Cells at IEC
Role of Metrology for RCS Quality and Public Safety
Categories of Metrology
Key Relevant Attributes of Metrology
Metrological International Infrastructure
The Metre Convention
Key Relevant Organizations
Metrological Units
SI Units and Prefixes to Express Concentrations of Gases
Metrology Conclusion
SAFETY, RISK, AND PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
Safety and Risk Concepts and Definitions
Risk Acceptance Criteria
Risk Criteria and Public Acceptance
Guidance on Risk Criteria for Public Acceptance of Hydrogen Fueling Stations
Risk-Informed Approach
Risk Assessment Tools
Public Engagement and Acceptance
SOME PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
Selection of Credible Leak Orifice for Risk Assessment and Safety Engineering
EC 60079-10-1:2015 [52].
Sandia National Labs Analysis for NFPA 2/55 Separation Distances
Recent Industry Practice
HyApproval
Other Examples
Canadian Hydrogen Airport Project.
HyQRA by NoE HySafe.
Stuart Energy Experience.
Japan High-Pressure Gas Safety Law.
Summary
On Hydrogen Flammability and Lean Limits of Combustion
Defense-in-Depth Approach to Safety
No Ventilation, No Operation Principle
Gas Purging
Pushing Purge
Continuous Dilution Purge
Step-by-Step Dilution Purge
IN SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FROM THE FIRST AUTHOR
REFERENCES
7 - Roadmapping
AN INTRODUCTION TO ROADMAPPING
What Is a Roadmap and What Is It for?
Roadmaps and Scenarios Are Not Synonyms
How Roadmapping Can Consider the Future
Why Is a Roadmap Useful?
Who Uses Roadmaps, and How?
TYPES OF ROADMAP
Public Body Strategy
Single Industry Lobbying or Industry-Led Analysis
Coordinated Industrial Strategy
International Framework
Typical Roadmap Audiences
THE COMPONENTS OF A ROADMAP
Data and Analysis Activities
Baseline Research
Roadmap Development
Considering System Effects
Analytical Support
Expert Input
Typical Outputs
PUBLIC POLICY
The Importance of Policy
Where Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Fit Into Policy
What Is Special About Hydrogen and Fuel Cells?
The Value of Externalities
Where Policy Can Act
Effective Policymaking
EXAMPLE HFC ROADMAPS
Global Roadmaps
IEA HFC Technology Roadmap [9].
The Hydrogen Council—Hydrogen Scaling up [10].
Country or Regional Roadmaps
Japan
UK
China
The United States
Australia
ROADMAPS: IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
8 - Market, Commercialization, and Deployment—Toward Appreciating Total Owner Cost of Hydrogen Energy Technologies
HYDROGEN IN THE MARKET TODAY
Applications
Refinery Use of Hydrogen
Ammonia Synthesis
Food Industry
Metallurgy
Chemical Industry
Other Uses: Power Industry, Electronics, Glass, and Others
Energetic Use
Hydrogen Markets
Market Types
Market Volumes
CAPEX VERSUS OPEX—TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES
Improved Conversion Efficiencies
Price Stability Effects
Levies and Taxes
Pump Price Versus Societal Costs—The Concept of “Externalities”
FUTURE COMMERCIALIZATION PROSPECTS OF HYDROGEN: EMERGING BUSINESS CASES
The Hydrogen Passenger Car
Hydrogen, Synthetic Fuels, and Carbon Certificates
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Back Cover


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